Structural Diversity Design, Four Nucleation Methods Growth and Mechanism of 3D Hollow Box TiO Nanocrystals with a Temperature-Controlled High (001) Crystal Facets Exposure Ratio.

Three-dimensional (3D) hollow box TiO nanocrystals with structural diversity have been designed and grown by four nucleation methods, including the acid dissolution denucleation method with FeO as heterogeneous nucleation, the topological phase transition method, the sonic solvothermal method, and the air atmosphere sintering method with TiOF as homogeneous nucleation. Through full morphology analysis and structural characterization, reasonable growth mechanisms of 3D hollow box TiO nanocrystals were proposed, including nucleation dissolution, Oswald ripening, and hydrolysis reactions. It was found that the high energy (001) crystal facets exposure ratio was closely correlated with reaction temperature of four nucleation-methods, which even reached 92% for the first time.