Hydrophobic modification of waterborne polymer slows urea release and improves nitrogen use efficiency in rice.

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) with long release longevity have been actively sought to match the nutrient demands of crops over the entire growing period. Waterborne polymer is an environmental friendliness coating for CRFs because it neither uses organic solvent nor influences soil property. However, its low hydrophobicity leads to a short controlled-release longevity of CRFs coated with waterborne polymer.

Forensic soil analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Fourier transform infrared total attenuated reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR): Principles and case studies.

Soils are crucial trace evidence that can establish or exclude the relationship between a suspect, victim, or an object at a particular scene, which could contribute to building a case. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy have been demonstrated to be effective techniques for soil characterization owing to its being rapid, non-destructive, and convenient analysis with little sample preparation requirements. Therefore, the principles of LIBS and FTIR-ATR techniques for soil forensic analysis in typical soil samples were investigated and their practical feasibility was tested by applying the techniques to forensic soil samples in two criminal cases.

Responses of Leaf Cuticles to Rice Blast: Detection and Identification Using Depth-Profiling Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.

Cuticle is the first barrier for rice to resist blast fungus on the surface of the leaf. Studies on how the rice leaf cuticle responds to rice blast and attempts to perform early detection of rice blast are limited, and these two issues were explored in this study via depth-profiling Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS). Rice leaves with four different scales of injury (healthy leaves as CK, asymptomatic leaves from mildly diseased seedlings as S1, infected leaves with fewer than five lesions as S2, and infected leaves with more than 10 lesions as S3) were scanned by three moving mirror velocities 0.

In situ detection of rice leaf cuticle responses to nitrogen supplies by depth-profiling Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Plant cuticle is an important interface on the outmost region of plant and will make the response to environmental changes. However, research about how the variable nutritional status affect plant cuticle is limited. This was the first report about the manners of rice leaf cuticle in answer to different nutritional circumstances of nitrogen detected by the Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) which with a main superiority for in situ and depth-profiling in mid-infrared range.

Optimization of metal-organic (citric acid) frameworks for controlled release of nutrients.

Although polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers have been under development for decades, their high costs, complex production processes, and potential environmental hazards have limited their application. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop new materials for controlled nutrient release. In this study, two novel MOFs, compounds I and II, were successfully fabricated and optimized using ferric chloride, phosphoric acid, citric acid, and urea under hydrothermal conditions.

Rapid diagnosis of nitrogen status in rice based on Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS).

Background: An effective and expeditious approach to assess plant nitrogen status is urgently needed in rice production and management as the conventional chemical methods are laborious and time-consuming.

Results: Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was used to record the spectra of rice leaves for the effective diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition status. The band in the wavenumber range of 1680 to 1630 cm was associated with amide I and that from 1570 to 1510 cm with amide II.

Degradation of Metal-Organic Framework Materials as Controlled-Release Fertilizers in Crop Fields.

The behavior of a metal-organic framework (MOF) compound synthesized in hydrothermal reaction conditions and rich in N, P, and Fe nutrients was explored in the field. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) characterization results showed that the chemical structures changed during the degradation process in crop field soil. The scanning electron microscope images showed that the micro-rod of the MOF peeled off and degraded in layers.

Degradation of Polyacrylate in the Outdoor Agricultural Soil Measured by FTIR-PAS and LIBS.

Recently, polyacrylates (PA) have been applied in coated controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), but the impacts of the soil on the degradation of PA have not been evaluated. In this study, an outdoor agriculture soil buried test was carried out for 12 months to investigate the degradation of PA films. The residual degraded films were taken regularly from the soil and analyzed by SEM, Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).

The Facile Modification of Polyacrylate Emulsion via Hexadecane to Enhance Controlled-release Profiles of Coated Urea.

Development of controlled-release urea (CRU) has attracted research attention because of food scarcity problems and environmental concerns. To slow down the nutrient release of CRU coated with waterborne polyacrylate, conventional emulsion polymerization (CEP), conventional emulsion polymerization containing hexadecane (CEP + HD), and miniemulsion polymerization (MP) were carried out to discern the influence of polymerization technique and hexadecane on the properties of emulsions, films, and on the resultant nutrient release profiles of controlled-release urea. The addition of hexadecane improved water resistance, decreased the glass-transition temperature, and slowed down the nutrient release.

Rapid and Nondestructive Detection of Pesticide Residues by Depth-Profiling Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.

Detection of pesticide residues is important for ensuring food safety, and it has assumed increased significance. Traditional analytical methods are known for being destructive and cost- and time-intensive. In this study, depth-profiling Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was successfully used as an in situ, nondestructive, and rapid method for detecting tricyclazole residues on three metal surfaces (copper, aluminum, and iron) and subsequently, on the surfaces of fresh rice leaves and ripe husks.

Application of Nano Fe-Tannic Acid Complexes in Modifying Aqueous Acrylic Latex for Controlled-Release Coated Urea.

Acrylic latexes are valuable waterborne materials used in controlled-release fertilizers. Controlled-release urea coated with these latexes releases a large amount of nutrients, making it difficult to meet the requirement of plants. Herein, Fe-tannic acid (TA) complexes were blended with acrylic latex and subsequently reassembled on a surface of polyacrylate particles.

Two-Dimensional Visualization of Nitrogen Distribution in Leaves of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) by the Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Technique.

Understanding nitrogen (N) status in the leaves of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is of significance to both vegetable growth and quality control. Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to perform rapid qualification of N distribution in leaves; a partial least squares algorithm was used to develop a model for prediction of the N content; and N distribution in individual leaves was mapped on the basis of interpolation analysis, which was found to be variable.

Application of FTIR-PAS and Raman spectroscopies for the determination of organic matter in farmland soils.

In soil analysis, Raman spectroscopy is not as widely used as infrared spectroscopy mainly owing to fluorescence interferences. This paper investigated the feasibility of Fourier-transform infrared photoacoustic (FTIR-PAS) and Raman spectroscopies for predicting soil organic matter (SOM) using partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. 194 farmland soil samples were collected and scanned with FTIR and Raman spectrometers in the spectral range of 4000-400cm(-1) and 180-3200cm(-1), respectively.

Thermal post-treatment alters nutrient release from a controlled-release fertilizer coated with a waterborne polymer.

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) use a controlled-release technology to enhance the nutrient use efficiency of crops. Many factors affect the release of nutrients from the waterborne polymer-coated CRF, but the effects of thermal post-treatments remain unclear. In this study, a waterborne polyacrylate-coated CRF was post-treated at different temperatures (30 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C) and durations (2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h) after being developed in the Wurster fluidized bed.

Biodegradation of a biochar-modified waterborne polyacrylate membrane coating for controlled-release fertilizer and its effects on soil bacterial community profiles.

Biochar-modified polyacrylate-like polymers are promising waterborne polymer-based membrane coatings for controlled-release fertilizers. However, the effect of these membrane polymers on paddy soil is unknown. A soil incubation experiment was conducted using Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy to monitor the changes in the polymer-coated membranes in paddy soil, and Biolog EcoPlates and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to detect the effects of the membranes on soil bacterial community profiles.

[Evaluation of nutrient release profiles from polymer coated fertilizers using Fourier transform mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy].

The acrylate-like materials were used to develop the polymer coated controlled release fertilizer, the nutrients release profiles were determined, meanwhile the Fourier transform mid-infrared photoacoustic spectra of the coatings were recorded and characterized; GRNN model was used to predict the nutrients release profiles using the principal components of the mid-infrared photoacoustic spectra as input. Results showed that the GRNN model could fast and effectively predict the nutrient release profiles, and the predicted calibration coefficients were more than 0.93; on the whole, the prediction errors (RMSE) were influenced by the profiling depth of the spectra, the average prediction error was 10.