Soil microbiome bacteria protect plants against filamentous fungal infections via intercellular contacts.

Bacterial-fungal interaction (BFI) has significant implications for the health of host plants. While the diffusible antibiotic metabolite-mediated competition in BFI has been extensively characterized, the impact of intercellular contact remains largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the intercellular contact is a prevalent mode of interaction between beneficial soil bacteria and pathogenic filamentous fungi.

Blocking the isoflavone chemoreceptor in to prevent disease.

Inhibiting pathogen chemotaxis is a promising strategy for reducing disease pressure. However, this strategy is currently in the proof-of-concept stage. Here, was used as a model, as its biflagellated zoospores could sense genistein, a soybean root exudate, to navigate host and initiate infection.

A receptor kinase senses sterol by coupling with elicitins in auxotrophic .

Sterols are vital nutrients and signals for eukaryotic organisms. Mammalian cells are known to sense and respond to sterol status changes to maintain them within strict limits, a process associated with various human diseases. However, this process is not understood in oomycete pathogens, most of which are sterol auxotrophic and must obtain sterols from host plants.

Maturation-induced changes in phenolic forms and their antioxidant activities of walnuts: A dual view from kernel and pellicle.

The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities during walnut maturation are not well understood. This study used UPLC-MS/MS to evaluate phenolic content in walnuts, including free, esterified, and bound forms, at different maturation stages. Findings showed that free phenolics were predominant, comprising 44.

Phosphorylation of PIP2;7 by CPK28 or Phytophthora kinase effectors dampens pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.

Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), a subclass of aquaporins, play an important role in plant immunity by acting as HO transporters. Their homeostasis is mostly maintained by C-terminal serine phosphorylation. However, the kinases that phosphorylate PIPs and manipulate their turnover are largely unknown.

PcLRR-RK3, an LRR receptor kinase is required for growth and infection processes in .

Receptor protein kinases (RPKs) critically provide the basic infrastructure to sense, perceive, and conduct the signalling events at the cell surface of organisms. The importance of LRR-RLKs has been well studied in plants, but much less information has been reported in oomycetes. In this work, we have silenced the PcLRR-RK3 and characterised its functional importance in .

Profiling of phenolic composition in camellia oil and its correlative antioxidant properties analysis.

Less research has been conducted on the association between camellia oil's (CO) phenolic composition and antioxidant capability. In this study, the phenolic profile of CO and its connection to antioxidant capacity were examined utilizing a combination of widely-targeted phenolic metabolomics and multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 751 phenolics were discovered.

A conserved protein family in mirid bug Riptortus pedestris plays dual roles in regulating plant immunity.

The mirid bug (Riptortus pedestris), a major soybean pest, migrates into soybean fields during the pod filling stage and causes staygreen syndrome, which leads to substantial yield losses. The mechanism by which R. pedestris elicits soybean (Glycine max) defenses and counter-defenses remains largely unexplored.

External browning mechanism in walnut kernel pellicles under different drying conditions based on the combination of widely-targeted and anthocyanin-targeted metabolomics.

There has been limited research on external browning (EB) of walnut. This work discovered 1888 metabolites and 34 anthocyanins in walnut pellicles (WPs) after three drying methods using widely-targeted and anthocyanin-targeted metabolomics. Based on OPLS-DA and correlation analysis, 64 temperature-responsive metabolites (TRMs; 13 anthocyanins and 51 flavonoids) were identified as critical components in relation to EB.

Type IV secretion system effector sabotages multiple defense systems in a competing bacterium.

Effector proteins secreted by bacteria that infect mammalian and plant cells often subdue eukaryotic host cell defenses by simultaneously affecting multiple targets. However, instances when a bacterial effector injected in the competing bacteria sabotage more than a single target have not been reported. Here, we demonstrate that the effector protein, LtaE, translocated by the type IV secretion system from the soil bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes into the competing bacterium, Pseudomonas protegens, affects several targets, thus disabling the antibacterial defenses of the competitor.

Identification of atypical T4SS effector proteins mediating bacterial defense.

To remain competitive, proteobacteria use various contact-dependent weapon systems to defend against microbial competitors. The bacterial-killing type IV secretion system (T4SS) is one such powerful weapon. It commonly controls the killing/competition between species by secreting the lethal T4SS effector (T4E) proteins carrying conserved XVIPCD domains into competing cells.

A MYB-related transcription factor regulates effector gene expression in an oomycete pathogen.

Phytophthora pathogens possess hundreds of effector genes that exhibit diverse expression patterns during infection, yet how the expression of effector genes is precisely regulated remains largely elusive. Previous studies have identified a few potential conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoters of Phytophthora effector genes. Here, we report a MYB-related protein, PsMyb37, in Phytophthora sojae, the major causal agent of root and stem rot in soybean.

Evaluation of Lipid Quality in Fruit: Utilizing Lipidomic Approaches for Assessing the Impact of Biotic Stress on Pecans ().

There is a scarcity of data on how the lipid composition of oily seeds changes in response to biotic stress. Yellow peach moth () has caused massive economic losses on the pecan () industry. Lipidomics is used in this study to determine the lipid composition of pecan and how it changes in response to insect attack.

Phenazine biosynthesis protein MoPhzF regulates appressorium formation and host infection through canonical metabolic and noncanonical signaling function in Magnaporthe oryzae.

Microbe-produced secondary metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) facilitates pathogen virulence and defense mechanisms against competitors. Magnaporthe oryzae, a causal agent of the devastating rice blast disease, needs to compete with other phyllosphere microbes and overcome host immunity for successful colonization and infection. However, whether M.

Comparison of different drying technologies for walnut ( L.) pellicles: Changes from phenolic composition, antioxidant activity to potential application.

The analysis of the phenolic profile in the walnut pellicle (WP) and its exploitability can help to promote the valorization of the industrial waste from walnut production. Three forms of 33 monomeric phenols in WPs were quantified based on our previously established LC-MS/MS method. The levels of protocatechuic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in the WPs were the highest, exceeding 400 μg/g.

Soil bacterium manipulates antifungal weapons by sensing intracellular type IVA secretion system effectors of a competitor.

Soil beneficial bacteria can effectively inhibit bacterial pathogens by assembling contact-dependent killing weapons, such as the type IVA secretion system (T4ASS). It's not clear whether these antibacterial weapons are involved in biotrophic microbial interactions in soil. Here we showed that an antifungal antibiotic 2,4-DAPG production of the soil bacterium, Pseudomonas protegens can be triggered by another soil bacterium, Lysobacter enzymogenes, via T4ASS by co-culturing on agar plates to mimic cell-to-cell contact.

Myxobacteria restrain Phytophthora invasion by scavenging thiamine in soybean rhizosphere via outer membrane vesicle-secreted thiaminase I.

Public metabolites such as vitamins play critical roles in maintaining the ecological functions of microbial community. However, the biochemical and physiological bases for fine-tuning of public metabolites in the microbiome remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the interactions between myxobacteria and Phytophthora sojae, an oomycete pathogen of soybean.

Cross-kingdom analyses of transmembrane protein kinases show their functional diversity and distinct origins in protists.

Transmembrane kinases (TMKs) are important mediators of cellular signaling cascades. The kinase domains of most metazoan and plant TMKs belong to the serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase (S/T/Y-kinase) superfamily. They share a common origin with prokaryotic kinases and have diversified into distinct subfamilies.

The elicitin PpEli2 confers broad-spectrum disease resistance by triggering a novel receptor-dependent immune pathway in plants.

Elicitins are microbe-associated molecular patterns produced by oomycetes to elicit plant defense. It is still unclear whether elicitins derived from non-pathogenic oomycetes can be used as bioactive molecules for disease control. Here, for the first time we identify and characterize an elicitin named PpEli2 from the soil-borne oomycete , which is a non-pathogenic mycoparasite colonizing the root ecosystem of diverse plant species.

A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity.

Plant cell-surface leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) form dynamic complexes to receive a variety of extracellular signals. LRR-RLKs are also widespread in oomycete pathogens, whereas it remains enigmatic whether plant and oomycete LRR-RLKs could mediate cell-to-cell communications between pathogen and host. Here, we report that an LRR-RLK from the soybean root and stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae, PsRLK6, can activate typical pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

NLRs derepress MED10b- and MED7-mediated repression of jasmonate-dependent transcription to activate immunity.

Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) activate a robust immune response upon detection of pathogen effectors. How NLRs induce downstream immune defense genes remains poorly understood. The Mediator complex plays a central role in transducing signals from gene-specific transcription factors to the transcription machinery for gene transcription/activation.

Online data resource for exploring transposon insertion polymorphisms in public soybean germplasm accessions.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of the most important economical crops. A large number of whole-genome resequencing datasets have been generated and are increasingly expanded for exploring genetic diversity and mining important quantitative trait loci.

Quorum quenching by a type IVA secretion system effector.

Proteobacteria primarily utilize acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) as quorum-sensing signals for intra-/interspecies communication to control pathogen infections. Enzymatic degradation of AHL represents the major quorum-quenching mechanism that has been developed as a promising approach to prevent bacterial infections. Here we identified a novel quorum-quenching mechanism revealed by an effector of the type IVA secretion system (T4ASS) in bacterial interspecies competition.

Plant secondary metabolite citral interferes with Phytophthora capsici virulence by manipulating the expression of effector genes.

Phytophthora capsici is a notorious pathogen that infects various economically important plants and causes serious threats to agriculture worldwide. Plants deploy a variety of plant secondary metabolites to fend off pathogen attacks, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we screened 11 plant secondary metabolites to evaluate their biofumigation effects against P.