Pediatric metameric cervical spinal cord arteriovenous malformation managed with staged endovascular and spinal stabilization approach: a case report.

Introduction: Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (SCAVM) are rare congenital vascular malformations, characterized by two or more AVMs affecting any of the spinal segments. SCAVM has complex pathophysiology and may be associated with acute, or progressively neurological deficits.

Case Presentation: A 12-year old girl, presented with progressive neurologic deficits secondary to compressive cervical myelopathy due to a cervical metameric SCAVM.

Radiological features in pediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease-diagnostic criteria and lesion dynamics.

The spectrum of acquired pediatric demyelinating syndromes has been expanding over the past few years, to include myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), as a distinct neuroimmune entity, in addition to pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and aquaporin 4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD). The 2023 MOGAD diagnostic criteria require supporting clinical or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in patients with low positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG titers or when the titers are not available, highlighting the diagnostic role of imaging in MOGAD. In this review, we summarize the key diagnostic features in MOGAD, in comparison to POMS and AQP4+NMOSD.

The prepontine block and its relevance for the development and treatment of hydrocephalus.

Objective: Pulsatile CSF flow patterns include flow through the ventricles to the subarachnoid space and cisterns and from the infra- to the supratentorial subarachnoid space. In this study, we demonstrate how an obstruction at the level of the prepontine space may lead to obstructive hydrocephalus with specific radiological characteristics, as well as the implications for treatment options.

Methods: We retrospectively collected data of patients who underwent surgery between February 2010 and December 2022 for hydrocephalus secondary to a suspected prepontine block.

Non-ionizing measurement and quantification of bell-shaped chests in spinal muscular atrophy: a pilot study.

Background: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is manifested by deformation of the chest wall, including a bell-shaped chest. We determined the ability of a novel non-ionizing, non-volitional method to measure and quantify bell-shaped chests in SMA.

Methods: A 3D depth camera and a chest x-ray (CXR) were used to capture chest images in 14 SMA patients and 28 controls.

Skull Base Osteomyelitis in Children: Clinical Characteristics and Potential Implications.

Objectives: We describe 10 new cases of otogenic (n = 8) and nonotogenic (n = 2) skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) in previously healthy children and review the literature on SBO in the pediatric population.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 10 children (age range 0.9-12.

Upper gastrointestinal series in healthy neonates with bilious vomiting-is it still obvious? A retrospective observational study.

Aim: Demand for upper gastrointestinal contrast series (UGI) to investigate bilious vomiting (BV) has increased in recent years, mostly due to greater awareness of the need to rule out malrotation and midgut volvulus (MGV). We aimed to examine predictive value of clinical parameters in the management of healthy neonates presenting with BV and re-assess the role of UGI in their management.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study including medical, imaging and surgical data of neonates who underwent UGI due to BV.

Pediatric low-dose head CT: Image quality improvement using iterative model reconstruction.

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in pediatric non-contrast low-dose head computed tomography (CT) between filtered-back projection and iterative model reconstruction using objective and subjective image quality evaluation.

Methods: A retrospective study evaluated children undergoing low-dose non-contrast head CT. All CT scans were reconstructed using both filtered-back projection and iterative model reconstruction.

Prevalence and management of methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity in pediatric patients with osteosarcoma: a single-center experience.

Aims: To determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of methotrexate (MTX) associated neurotoxicity in pediatric patients treated for osteosarcoma, with the aim of identifying possible risk factors and suggesting recommended treatment for these sequelae.

Materials And Methods: All medical files of patients treated for osteosarcoma in a single pediatric haemato-oncology center between November 2011 and August 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were treated according to the EURAMOS AOST0331 protocol, using cisplatin, doxorubicin, and high-dose MTX at a dose of 12 g/m over 4 h.

Utility of three-dimensional modeling of the fetal airway for ex utero intrapartum treatment.

Recent technological developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing have created new opportunities for applications in clinical medicine. 3D printing has been adopted for teaching and planning complicated surgeries, including maxillofacial, orthopedic reconstructions, and airway manipulation for one-lung ventilation or airway stenting. We present here the first use of such technology to print a model from in utero imaging for intrapartum treatment planning.

Sarcopenia is a Predictor for Adverse Clinical Outcome in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a high impact on nutritional status. Sarcopenia is related to higher risk of surgery and rescue therapy in adults with IBD; however, comparable data in pediatric populations are scarce. We evaluated muscle mass as a predictor of disease outcome in pediatric IBD.

Monogenic Causes of Apparently Idiopathic Perinatal Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Objective: Perinatal intracranial hemorrhage (pICH) is a rare event that occurs during the fetal/neonatal period with potentially devastating neurological outcome. However, the etiology of pICH is frequently hard to depict. We investigated the role of rare genetic variations in unexplained cases of pICH.

Incidental Findings on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Pediatric Endocrine Patients.

Objective: To explore incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of pediatric patients referred due to endocrine disorders.

Methods: A retrospective, observational study conducted in a tertiary referral center. The neuroimaging database of 17,445 brain MRI studies of 11,011 pediatric patients were searched for cases with endocrine referrals and without medical history of malignancy, genetic syndromes, and/or neurologic comorbidities.

Diverse presentation and tailored treatment of infantile myofibromatosis: A single-center experience.

Background: Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is a rare benign fibrous tumor with diverse clinical presentations and treatments, such as watchful waiting, surgical excision, and low-dose chemotherapy.

Procedure: Clinical presentation and tailored treatment of five infants with solitary and generalized IM are described, together with a review of the literature.

Results: Three patients underwent total-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at diagnosis and during follow up, which revealed disease extension that aided in designing treatment.

Questioning the Value of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Children with Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency.

Background: Isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) is a relatively common disorder. Current diagnostic protocol requires a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the hypothalamus and the hypophysis to determine the cause after establishment of the diagnosis. This study aimed to examine the yield of brain MRI in the evaluation of children with IGHD and to define clinical and laboratory parameters that justify its performance.

The role of ICP monitoring in paediatric IIH.

Introduction: Diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in children is an extrapolation of the guidelines suggested for adult population. Lumbar puncture (LP) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis. The diagnosis of IIH at times is solely dependent on the interpretation of the opening pressure (OP).

Mature teratoma splitting the brainstem in a newborn: case report.

Mature teratomas (MTs) of the posterior fossa are extremely rare. The authors present a case of a prenatal diagnosis of an MT splitting the brainstem. Representative images as well as the clinical and surgical course are presented.

A Case of Methotrexate Neurotoxicity Presented as Status Epilepticus, Encephalopathy, and High Fever.

High-dose methotrexate is used to treat a range of adult and childhood cancers including osteosarcoma. Significant neurotoxicity is reported in 1% to 4.5% of patients treated with high-dose methotrexate and can present in a wide variety of symptoms.

The Added Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cisternography and Ventriculography as a Diagnostic Aid in Pediatric Hydrocephalus.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the "gold standard" method for the evaluation of hydrocephalus. However, diagnosing an obstruction in the ventricular or subarachnoid spaces may pose a challenge for standard diagnostic sequences. In this study, we describe our experience with MRI cisternography (MRIC) or ventriculography (MRIV) for diagnosing or excluding intra- and extraventricular obstructions.

Use of EOS Low-Dose Biplanar X-Ray for Shunt Series in Children with Hydrocephalus: A Preliminary Study.

Introduction: Shunt series (SS) are a common diagnostic tool used to verify shunt integrity. SS include X-ray films of the skull, chest, and abdomen and often are performed either when a shunted patient presents with suspected shunt malfunction or as a screening test to identify shunt disconnections or dislodgment. EOS low-dose biplanar X-rays are associated with significantly reduced radiation doses compared with ordinary X-rays and are used for various indications.