A Rare Case of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Development in an Immunocompromised Patient with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Multicentric Castleman's Disease.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) development in HIV with preexistent progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been extensively studied. PML-IRIS typically manifests clinically as new or worsening neurologic symptoms in conjunction with enlarging CNS lesions and occurs in approximately 10-20 percent of HIV-infected patients with PML who begin HAART. Likewise, Multicentric Castleman's Disease (MCD), a rare malignant lymphoproliferative disorder, has a strong and well-known association with HIV.

Multiple astrocyte responses to lysophosphatidic acids.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and LPA receptors are enriched in the brain. Moreover, the levels of these receptors and ligand are modulated during brain development and injury, respectively, suggesting multiple roles for LPA in the brain. In cultured astrocytes and glioma-derived cells, LPA increases intracellular calcium concentrations and causes morphological changes.