Reproduction and environmental stressors are generally thought to be associated with a cost to the individual experiencing them, but the physiological mechanisms mediating costs of reproduction and maternal effects remain poorly understood. Studies examining the effects of environmental stressors on a female's physiological state and body condition during reproduction, as well as the physiological condition of offspring, have yielded equivocal results. Mitochondrial physiology and oxidative stress have been implicated as important mediators of life-history trade-offs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFConsiderable progress has been made in understanding the physiological basis for variation in the life-history patterns of animals, particularly with regard to the roles of oxidative stress and hormonal regulation. However, an underappreciated and understudied area that could play a role in mediating inter- and intraspecific variation of life history is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the resulting unfolded protein response (UPR ). ER stress response and the UPR maintain proteostasis in cells by reducing the intracellular load of secretory proteins and enhancing protein folding capacity or initiating apoptosis in cells that cannot recover.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThere are many known species of , Gram-negative bacteria that can cause febrile illness and fatality in humans and animals. These pathogens are often transmitted through hematophagous arthropod vectors such as fleas and lice. Despite increasing awareness about spp.
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