Optimal waste load allocation in river systems based on a new multi-objective cuckoo optimization algorithm.

Water pollution escalates with rising waste discharge in river systems, as the rivers' limited pollution tolerance and constrained self-cleaning capacity compel the release of treated pollutants. Although several studies have shown that the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is an effective algorithm regarding the management of river water quality to reach water quality standards, to our knowledge, the literature lacks using a new optimization model, namely, the multi-objective cuckoo optimization algorithm (MOCOA). Therefore, this research introduces a new optimization framework, including non-dominated sorting and ranking selection using the comparison operator densely populated towards the best Pareto front and a trade-off estimation between the goals of discharges and environmental protection authorities.

Effect of different coloring techniques and surface treatment methods on the surface roughness of monolithic zirconia.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different coloring techniques and surface treatment methods on the surface roughness of monolithic zirconia ceramic.

Materials And Methods: In this study seventy-two disk-shaped monolithic zirconia (2 mm × 10 mm) were divided into three coloring techniques groups (white, internal staining, external staining) ( = 24). Each group was subdivided into four surface treatment subgroups ( = 6), as unpolished, polished with Shofu polishing kit, polished with dental direct polishing kit, and glazed.