The chromatin remodeler ADNP regulates neurodevelopmental disorder risk genes and neocortical neurogenesis.

Although chromatin remodelers are among the most important risk genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), the roles of these complexes during brain development are in many cases unclear. Here, we focused on the recently discovered ChAHP chromatin remodeling complex. The zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factor ADNP is a core subunit of this complex, and de novo mutations lead to intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.

Molecular and spatial analysis of ganglion cells on retinal flatmounts: diversity, topography, and perivascularity.

Diverse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) transmit distinct visual features from the eye to the brain. Recent studies have categorized RGCs into 45 types in mice based on transcriptomic profiles, showing strong alignment with morphological and electrophysiological properties. However, little is known about how these types are spatially arranged on the two-dimensional retinal surface-an organization that influences visual encoding-and how their local microenvironments impact development and neurodegenerative responses.

Transcriptomic changes in retinal ganglion cell types associated with the disruption of cholinergic retinal waves.

In the early stages of retinal development, a form of correlated activity known as retinal waves causes periodic depolarizations of immature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Retinal waves are crucial for refining visual maps in the brain's retinofugal targets and for the development of retinal circuits underlying feature detection, such as direction selectivity. Yet, how waves alter gene expression in immature RGCs is poorly understood, particularly at the level of the many distinct types of RGCs that underlie the retina's ability to encode diverse visual features.

Comparative transcriptomic insights into the evolutionary origin of the tetrapod double cone.

The tetrapod double cone is a pair of tightly associated cones called the "principal" and the "accessory" member. It is found in amphibians, reptiles, and birds, as well as monotreme and marsupial mammals but is absent in fish and eutherian mammals. To explore the potential evolutionary origins of the double cone, we analyzed single-cell and -nucleus transcriptomic atlases of photoreceptors from six vertebrate species: zebrafish, chicken, lizard, opossum, ground squirrel, and human.

Molecular states underlying neuronal cell type development and plasticity in the whisker cortex.

Mouse whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1) is a major model system to study the experience-dependent plasticity of cortical neuron physiology, morphology, and sensory coding. However, the role of sensory experience in regulating neuronal cell type development and gene expression in wS1 remains poorly understood. We assembled and annotated a transcriptomic atlas of wS1 during postnatal development comprising 45 molecularly distinct neuronal types that can be grouped into eight excitatory and four inhibitory neuron subclasses.

Retraction: Diet and Lifestyle Impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48625.

Reconfiguration of the visual code and retinal cell type complement in closely related diurnal and nocturnal mice.

How does evolution act on neuronal populations to match computational characteristics to functional demands? We address this problem by comparing visual code and retinal cell composition in closely related murid species with different behaviours. are diurnal and have substantially thicker inner retina and larger visual thalamus than nocturnal High-density electrophysiological recordings of visual response features in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) reveals that attains higher spatiotemporal acuity both by denser coverage of the visual scene and a selective expansion of elements of the code characterised by non-linear spatiotemporal summation. Comparative analysis of single cell transcriptomic cell atlases reveals that realignment of the visual code is associated with increased relative abundance of bipolar and ganglion cell types supporting OFF and ON-OFF responses.

Ancient origin of the rod bipolar cell pathway in the vertebrate retina.

Vertebrates rely on rod photoreceptors for vision in low-light conditions. The specialized downstream circuit for rod signalling, called the primary rod pathway, is well characterized in mammals, but circuitry for rod signalling in non-mammals is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the mammalian primary rod pathway is conserved in zebrafish, which diverged from extant mammals ~400 million years ago.

Spatial profiling of the interplay between cell type- and vision-dependent transcriptomic programs in the visual cortex.

Unlabelled: How early sensory experience during "critical periods" of postnatal life affects the organization of the mammalian neocortex at the resolution of neuronal cell types is poorly understood. We previously reported that the functional and molecular profiles of layer 2/3 (L2/3) cell types in the primary visual cortex (V1) are vision-dependent (Tan et al., (4), 2020; Cheng et al.

Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina.

The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs. Retinal cell types may have evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been systematically studied. Here we generated and integrated single-cell transcriptomic atlases of the retina from 17 species: humans, two non-human primates, four rodents, three ungulates, opossum, ferret, tree shrew, a bird, a reptile, a teleost fish and a lamprey.

Diet and Lifestyle Impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review.

A systemic, inflammatory illness such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes progressive cartilage and bone degradation in addition to joint involvement. Factors related to genetics and environment determine susceptibility to RA. In recent years, an increasing body of research has illuminated the pivotal role of diet and lifestyle in influencing the risk and progression of illnesses.

A Narrative Review on Effects of Maternal Bariatric Surgery on Offspring.

Bariatric surgery (BS) has emerged as an efficient approach for addressing obesity, offering long-term benefits encompassing substantial weight loss and improving metabolic disorders. Many women of childbearing age opt for BS to enhance their health and well-being. The weight loss achieved through these procedures can positively impact pregnancy outcomes, but it's crucial to consider potential drawbacks.

Integrated multi-omics single cell atlas of the human retina.

Single-cell sequencing has revolutionized the scale and resolution of molecular profiling of tissues and organs. Here, we present an integrated multimodal reference atlas of the most accessible portion of the mammalian central nervous system, the retina. We compiled around 2.

Incidence of primary open angle glaucoma in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS).

Background: To report 15-year incidence rate of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS).

Methods: A population-based longitudinal study was carried out at three rural study sites. Phakic participants aged ≥40 years who participated at baseline (APEDS I) and the mean 15-year follow-up visit (APEDS III) were included.

Ancient origin of the rod bipolar cell pathway in the vertebrate retina.

Vertebrates rely on rod photoreceptors for vision in low-light conditions. Mammals have a specialized downstream circuit for rod signaling called the primary rod pathway, which comprises specific cell types and wiring patterns that are thought to be unique to this lineage. Thus, it has been long assumed that the primary rod pathway evolved in mammals.

Ancient origin of the rod bipolar cell pathway in the vertebrate retina.

Vertebrates rely on rod photoreceptors for vision in low-light conditions. Mammals have a specialized downstream circuit for rod signaling called the primary rod pathway, which comprises specific cell types and wiring patterns that are thought to be unique to this lineage. Thus, it has been long assumed that the primary rod pathway evolved in mammals.

Automatic diagnosis of COVID-19 related respiratory diseases from speech.

In this work, an attempt is made to propose an intelligent and automatic system to recognize COVID-19 related illnesses from mere speech samples by using automatic speech processing techniques. We used a standard crowd-sourced dataset which was collected by the University of Cambridge through a web based application and an android/iPhone app. We worked on cough and breath datasets individually, and also with a combination of both the datasets.

Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina.

The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs (Baden et al., 2020). One might expect that retinal cell types evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been systematically studied.

Defining Selective Neuronal Resilience and Identifying Targets of Neuroprotection and Axon Regeneration Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Computational Approaches.

We describe a computational workflow to analyze single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles of axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mice. Our goal is to identify differences in the dynamics of survival among 46 molecularly defined RGC types together with molecular signatures that correlate with these differences. The data consists of scRNA-seq profiles of RGCs collected at six time points following optic nerve crush (ONC) (see companion chapter by Jacobi and Tran).

Visual impairment and blindness due to retinitis pigmentosa in India: 15-year follow-up of the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study cohort.

Purpose: To assess the incidence, visual impairment, and blindness due to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in a rural southern Indian cohort.

Methods: This is a population-based longitudinal cohort study of participants with RP from the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS) cohorts I and III, respectively. The study included participants with RP of APEDS I who were followed until APEDS III.

Temporal single-cell atlas of non-neuronal retinal cells reveals dynamic, coordinated multicellular responses to central nervous system injury.

Non-neuronal cells are key to the complex cellular interplay that follows central nervous system insult. To understand this interplay, we generated a single-cell atlas of immune, glial and retinal pigment epithelial cells from adult mouse retina before and at multiple time points after axonal transection. We identified rare subsets in naive retina, including interferon (IFN)-response glia and border-associated macrophages, and delineated injury-induced changes in cell composition, expression programs and interactions.

Regional variation in the incidence of pseudo-exfoliation in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS).

Background: To report the 15-year incidence rate of pseudo-exfoliation (PXF),  PXF glaucoma and regional variation among rural participants in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS) III.

Methods: This population-based longitudinal study was carried out at three rural study sites. Individuals of all ages who participated at baseline with a mean 15-year follow-up visit were included.

Vision-Dependent and -Independent Molecular Maturation of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells.

The development and connectivity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retina's sole output neurons, are patterned by activity-independent transcriptional programs and activity-dependent remodeling. To inventory the molecular correlates of these influences, we applied high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to mouse RGCs at six embryonic and postnatal ages. We identified temporally regulated modules of genes that correlate with, and likely regulate, multiple phases of RGC development, ranging from differentiation and axon guidance to synaptic recognition and refinement.

Unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells using function, morphology, and gene expression.

Classification and characterization of neuronal types are critical for understanding their function and dysfunction. Neuronal classification schemes typically rely on measurements of electrophysiological, morphological, and molecular features, but aligning such datasets has been challenging. Here, we present a unified classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the sole retinal output neurons.