Machine Learning to Detect Cervical Spine Fractures Missed by Radiologists on CT: Analysis Using Seven Award-Winning Models from the RSNA 2022 Cervical Spine Fracture AI Challenge.

Available data on radiologists' missed cervical spine fractures are based primarily on studies using human reviewers to identify errors on re-evaluation; such studies do not capture the full extent of missed fractures. To use machine-learning (ML) models to identify cervical spine fractures on CT missed by interpreting radiologists, characterize the nature of these fractures, and assess their clinical significance. This retrospective study included all cervical spine CT examinations performed in adult patients in the emergency department between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2022.

Maternity Care Informed Consent Practices and Perspectives: A Qualitative Study at a Tertiary Maternity Unit.

Background: Although consent has long been accepted as necessary in maternity care, the concept of informed consent for planned vaginal birth has polarised maternity politics. The publication of the NSW Consent Manual outlines new standards of informed consent, signalling the need for examination of current maternity consent practices.

Aims: To examine informed consent and disclosure of material risks in birth in a prospective qualitative study of midwives and obstetricians.

Do peri-operative changes in voiding function and pelvic organ mobility predict improvement in urgency urinary incontinence following prolapse surgery?

Objectives: To evaluate whether peri-operative changes in voiding function, pelvic organ descent and urethral mobility predict improvement in urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) following prolapse surgery.

Methods: A retrospective study of women undergoing prolapse surgery without a history of or without a concomitant anti-incontinence surgery at a tertiary unit between 2005 and 2019. All patients underwent a pre- and post-operative standardised interview, POP-Q examination, uroflowmetry and 4D translabial ultrasound.

Levator-urethra gap: is there a need for individualization of cut-offs?

Objectives: To determine whether height, weight and body mass index (BMI) are associated with the levator-urethra gap (LUG) measurement, and whether these factors confound the relationship between LUG and symptoms and signs of pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods: This was a retrospective study of women seen at a tertiary urogynecology unit between January 2020 and December 2021. Postprocessing of saved ultrasound volume data was used to measure the LUG, blinded against all other data.

Do some levator avulsions improve over time?

Objective: To determine whether the sonographic appearance of levator ani muscle avulsion after vaginal birth can improve significantly over the first few years postpartum.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of women seen in the context of two prospective perinatal imaging studies. All subjects had undergone an interview, clinical examination and four-dimensional translabial ultrasound on average 4.

A Novel IoT-Enabled Wireless Sensor Grid for Spatial and Temporal Evaluation of Tracer Gas Dispersion.

Current IoT applications in indoor air focus mainly on general monitoring. This study proposed a novel IoT application to evaluate airflow patterns and ventilation performance using tracer gas. The tracer gas is a surrogate for small-size particles and bioaerosols and is used in dispersion and ventilation studies.

Assessment of Perineal Scars on Translabial Pelvic Floor Ultrasound: A Pilot Study.

Objective: We aimed to describe a method for identifying and evaluating perineal scars using translabial pelvic floor ultrasound. We hypothesized that translabial ultrasound can identify a perineal scar and can differentiate episiotomies from spontaneous tears.

Methods: This pilot study is a secondary analysis of data obtained in the Epi-No® trial.

Obstetric risk factors for anal sphincter trauma in a urogynecological population.

Introduction And Hypothesis: Obstetric anal sphincter tears are the single major modifiable risk factor for anal incontinence (AI) in women. We undertook a retrospective observational study in a tertiary urogynecology unit to describe the prevalence of sonographic anal sphincter defects in a urogynecological population and investigate obstetric risk factors.

Methods: Files of women seen for investigation of pelvic floor disorders between January 2014 and May 2021 were reviewed.

Validation of new ultrasound algorithm for estimating prevalence of anal sphincter trauma in a urogynecological population.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of major perineal trauma in a urogynecological population, to test the predictive value of sonographic tear grading (Gillor algorithm) for anal incontinence (AI), AI bother score and St Mark's score, and to compare the predictive power of the Gillor algorithm with that of the residual-defect method.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of 721 women attending a tertiary urogynecology unit between February 2019 and May 2021. All women underwent a standardized interview, including determination of St Mark's score and visual analog scale (VAS) bother score for AI, as well as exoanal (translabial) ultrasound with later offline analysis.

All or nothing? A second look at partial levator avulsion.

Objective: To define associations between partial levator trauma and symptoms and signs of pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods: This was a retrospective study of 3484 women attending a tertiary urogynecology unit for symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction between January 2012 and February 2020. All women underwent a standardized interview, clinical pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) examination and tomographic ultrasound imaging of the pelvic floor.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Trauma CT Imaging.

Purpose: The goal of this study was to understand the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures on the volume, rate, and type of trauma presenting to the emergency department (ED) by using trauma-initiated CT studies to capture patient data.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study comparing patients undergoing CT scans for trauma during the 1 and 2 lockdown periods compared to corresponding prepandemic months. During two lockdown periods, public places such as restaurants, libraries, parks, and shops across the province were shut down.

Imaging Characteristics of Episiotomy Scars on Translabial Ultrasound: An Observational Study.

Introduction: Episiotomy has been purported to protect the anal sphincter from injury; efficacy is, however, disputed. Correct execution of episiotomy may have substantial implications. We aimed to describe the characteristics of episiotomy scars on translabial ultrasound (TLUS).

Breakthroughs, boosters, and beyond: a practical primer on current challenges with COVID-19.

Identifying the extent to which breakthrough infections are contributing to the spread of COVID-19 can help guide vaccination policies and other infection prevention and control protocols to promote public health and safety. This special report summarizes key studies on COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness and presents caveats to these studies.

Is age at menarche a predictor of maternal birth trauma?

Objective: Age at menarche and the interval between menarche and age at first vaginal birth have been shown to be associated with reproductive performance; however, their association with maternal birth trauma has not been studied. We aimed to determine whether age at menarche, age at first vaginal birth and their interval are associated independently with levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion and external anal sphincter (EAS) defect.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the ultrasound volume datasets of 466 vaginally parous patients attending one of two tertiary urogynecological units in Australia.

Has the prevalence of levator avulsion after forceps delivery changed over the last six decades? A retrospective study in a urogynaecological population.

Objective: Forceps delivery is associated with a higher risk of maternal birth trauma. It is speculated that it is due to sub-optimal use of forceps in inexperienced hands. The aim of this study was to determine the association between time of forceps birth and prevalence of levator avulsion over the last six decades.

International Urogynecological Consultation: clinical definition of pelvic organ prolapse.

Introduction And Hypothesis: This segment of Chapter 1 of the International Urogynecology Consultation (IUC) on pelvic organ prolapse (POP) reviews the literature on the clinical definition of POP with the intent of creating standard terminology.

Methods: An international group containing nine urogynecologists and one university-based medical librarian performed a search of the literature using pre-specified search terms in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Publications were eliminated if not relevant to the clinical definition of POP, and those articles remaining were evaluated for quality using the Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE).

The 'black box' of plant demography: how do seed type, climate and seed fungal communities affect grass seed germination?

Demographic studies measure drivers of plant fecundity including seed production and survival, but few address both abiotic and biotic drivers of germination such as variation in climate among sites, population density, maternal plants, seed type and fungal pathogen abundance. We examined germination and microbial communities of seeds of Danthonia californica, which are either chasmogamous (external, wind-pollinated) or cleistogamous (internal, self-fertilized) and Festuca roemeri, which are solely chasmogamous. Seed populations were sourced across environmental gradients.

Effectiveness and safety of endovascular thrombectomy for large versus medium vessel occlusions: a single-center experience.

Background: The effectiveness and safety of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for medium vessel occlusions (MeVO) in the anterior intracranial circulation for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has yet to be definitively established. We compared outcomes in patients undergoing EVT for large vessel occlusion (LVO) versus those with MeVO.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study, using an intention to treat design, compared the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score between 43 patients with MeVO and 199 with LVO in the anterior intracranial circulation.