Comprehensive analysis of long-term trends, meteorological influences, and ozone formation sensitivity in the Jakarta Greater Area.

Jakarta Greater Area (JGA) has encountered recurrent challenges of air pollution, notably, high ozone levels. We investigate the trends of surface ozone (O) changes from the air quality monitoring stations and resolve the contribution of meteorological drivers in urban Jakarta (2010-2019) and rural Bogor sites (2017-2019) using stepwise Multi Linear Regression. During 10 years of measurement, 41% of 1-h O concentrations exceeded Indonesia' s national threshold in Jakarta.