Chiari I Deformity: Beyond 5 mm below the Foramen Magnum.

Although originally described as a consecutive series of pathologic changes, Chiari syndrome represents a spectrum of disease divided into two subsets: development deformities of the paraxial mesoderm manifesting after birth (types 0-1.5) and true congenital malformations due to failure of neural tube closure present in utero (types 2-5). Heterogeneity among patients with a Chiari deformity and incomplete understanding of its pathophysiologic characteristics have led to inconsistency in radiologic reporting and difficulty in defining appropriate management strategies tailored to an individual patient's condition.

Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor and Related Pediatric Tumors: Multimodality Imaging Review with Pathologic Correlation.

Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are rare but lethal solid neoplasms that overwhelmingly affect infants and young children. While the central nervous system is the most common site of occurrence, tumors can develop at other sites, including the kidneys and soft tissues throughout the body. The anatomic site of involvement dictates tumor nomenclature and nosology.

Teaching the Future Radiologist: TED-Inspired Radiology Didactics.

TED (acronym for technology, entertainment and design) conferences are an astonishingly successful modern-day platform for "ideas worth spreading". These continue to engage, enlighten and entertain an ever-expanding audience base. TED speakers highlight simple yet relevant ideas, often challenging entrenched perspectives and proposing hitherto unexplored solutions.

Prevalence of SLEC-negative spontaneous intracranial hypotension in patients with spinal nerve root sleeve diverticula on MRI.

Purpose: While there is thought to be an association between spinal nerve root diverticula (NRD) and spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) without a spinal longitudinal epidural collection (SLEC), it remains unclear what the overall prevalence of SLEC-negative SIH is in patients with NRD on MRI.

Methods: Spine MRI imaging reports from our single institution were electronically screened for instances of NRD over a 9-year period (2016-2023). From these cases, patients with brain MRIs consistent with SIH were also identified.

Radiological abnormalities in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: Identifying typical and atypical imaging patterns for early diagnosis and differential considerations.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare viral central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease primarily associated with a compromised immune system. PML is seen mainly in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus, lymphoproliferative disease, and multiple sclerosis. Patients on immunomodulators, chemotherapy, and solid organ or bone marrow transplants are predisposed to PML.

Cranial subdural migrating to lumbar subdural space in a toddler.

Migrated spinal subdural haematoma (sSDH) is a significantly uncommon finding. This case involves a paediatric patient representing after cranial trauma with new abnormal gait and leg pain who was found to have a migrated sSDH. Literature review for reported cases of pathogenesis theories, causes and management was performed and summarised in this report.

Bilateral oligodendroglial hamartomas: A rare cause of drug-resistant epilepsy in a pediatric patient.

Intractable or drug-resistant seizures in pediatric patients are often secondary to cortical malformations, hamartomas, or mass lesions. Various subtypes of intracerebral hamartomas, associated with seizure disorders, have been described. In this report, we describe a subtype of intracerebral hamartoma associated with intractable epilepsy in a 10-year-old patient.

Head and Neck Paragangliomas: An Update on the Molecular Classification, State-of-the-Art Imaging, and Management Recommendations.

Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors that derive from paraganglia of the autonomic nervous system, with the majority of parasympathetic paragangliomas arising in the head and neck. More than one-third of all paragangliomas are hereditary, reflecting the strong genetic predisposition of these tumors. The molecular basis of paragangliomas has been investigated extensively in the past couple of decades, leading to the discovery of several molecular clusters and more than 20 well-characterized driver genes (somatic and hereditary), which are more than are known for any other endocrine tumor.

Pediatric spine trauma: A comprehensive review.

Trauma to the pediatric spine can manifest as osseous, disco-ligamentous, and/or neurological injuries. Associated mortality is significantly higher than in adults. Injury patterns in children are distinct from those encountered in adults.

Stents for progressively symptomatic paediatric intracranial arterial dissection.

Arterial dissection is an uncommon cause of paediatric stroke. Medical therapy remains first-line for treatment. There are few reports of neurovascular stents for paediatric intracranial arterial dissection.

Stents for progressively symptomatic paediatric intracranial arterial dissection.

Arterial dissection is an uncommon cause of paediatric stroke. Medical therapy remains first-line for treatment. There are few reports of neurovascular stents for paediatric intracranial arterial dissection.

Bevacizumab in treating the cystic components of pediatric low-grade gliomas: A report of four patients.

Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are among the most common types of brain tumors in children and young adults. These tumors often consist of solid and cystic components. Bevacizumab is a documented treatment for progressive LGG, yet the impact of therapy on the cystic component of these tumors is unknown.

Long-term Survival After Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Brain Metastases: A Case Series with 10-year Follow-up.

Patients with brain metastases (BRM) generally have a poor prognosis with infrequent long-term outcomes. Four patients treated by stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for BRM between 2000 and 2010 with a minimum follow-up of 10 years are described. The mean age was 43.

Multi-detector-row computed tomography imaging of variant skull base foramina.

Several inconstant skull base foramina can be observed on multi-detector-row computed tomographic studies. These include the meningo-orbital foramen, foramen of Vesalius, canaliculus innominatus, palatovaginal canal, persistent craniopharyngeal canal, transsphenoidal canal, canalis basilaris medianus, and fossa navicularis. Although many of these foramina are simply incidental findings, there may be associated anomalies and important clinical implications.

Imaging of parasitic infections of the central nervous system.

Parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) have increased over the last couple of decades, partly due to a drop in the living conditions of large populations in the world and the AIDS epidemic. Parasitic infections of the CNS are indolent and often life threatening, hence, an early diagnosis is imperative. While brain biopsy and laboratory analysis remain the gold standard for diagnosis, neuroimaging contributes significantly to diagnosis and follow-up.

Preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas using 4-dimensional computed tomography: a pictorial essay.

Accurate preoperative localization is the key to successful parathyroid surgery in the era of minimally invasive parathyroid surgery. This article presents and discusses the embryologic basis of parathyroid gland and ectopic location and different imaging modalities helpful in diagnosing and localizing parathyroid adenomas and/or hyperplasia. We also aim to review the current surgical concepts in treatment of parathyroid adenomas and/or hyperplasia, the utility of 4-dimensional computed tomography for accurate preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands, imaging classification of adenomas and/or hyperplasia, and, finally, present some of the limitations of 4-dimensional computed tomography.

Case Series: Long segment extra-arachnoid fluid collections: Role of dynamic CT myelography in diagnosis and treatment planning.

We report five patients in whom spinal MRI revealed extra-arachnoid fluid collections. These spinal fluid collections most likely resulted from accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a dural leak. The patients presented with either compressive myelopathy due to the cyst or superficial siderosis (SS).

Imaging response criteria for recurrent gliomas treated with bevacizumab: role of diffusion weighted imaging as an imaging biomarker.

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of diffusion weighted imaging as an additional imaging biomarker for treatment response in recurrent/progressive malignant gliomas treated with bevacizumab alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Twenty patients treated with bevacizumab alone or concurrent chemotherapy were followed up with serial MR imaging. Volume and ADC values of contrast enhancing lesion (CEL(vol), CEL(ADC)) and also of non-enhancing lesion (NEL(vol), NEL(ADC)) were obtained.

Can permeability measurements add to blood volume measurements in differentiating tumefactive demyelinating lesions from high grade gliomas using perfusion CT?

Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) can mimic a neoplasm on conventional imaging and may necessitate biopsy for diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to differentiate TDLs from high grade gliomas based on physiologic (permeability) and hemodynamic (blood volume) parameters using perfusion CT. Five patients who presented with tumefactive enhancing lesions on initial MRI that mimicked a neoplasm underwent perfusion CT.

Functional correlates of incoordination in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 1: a preliminary fMRI study.

The neural (blood oxygenation level dependent) correlates of motor coordination of both hands were studied in adult right-handed volunteers and patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1), using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the entire brain. Each experimental condition consisted of five sets of alternate pronation and supination tasks for either hand in a prescribed sequence as the active phase followed by a period of rest. An intricate network consisting of sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), cingulate motor area (CMA), putamina and cerebellum, was identified when the task was performed in healthy volunteers.

First-pass perfusion computed tomography: initial experience in differentiating recurrent brain tumors from radiation effects and radiation necrosis.

Objective: To differentiate recurrent tumors from radiation effects and necrosis in patients with irradiated brain tumors using perfusion computed tomographic (PCT) imaging.

Methods: Twenty-two patients with previously treated brain tumors who showed recurrent or progressive enhancing lesions on follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans and had a histopathological diagnosis underwent first-pass PCT imaging (26 PCT imaging examinations). Another eight patients with treatment-naïve, high-grade tumors (control group) also underwent PCT assessment.