Increasing awareness regarding the relationship between environmental exposures and allergic disease.

This review highlights studies from the past 3 years that add to the understanding of the impact of environmental exposures on allergic disease. These include aeroallergens, air quality, prenatal or early-life exposures, and occupational exposures. Recent studies have focused on the relationship between the environment, the microbiome, and allergic disease, and new therapeutic options have also been reviewed.

The rate of nonunion in the MRI-detected occult scaphoid fracture.

Aims: There is a lack of published evidence relating to the rate of nonunion seen in occult scaphoid fractures, diagnosed only after MRI. This study reports the rate of delayed union and nonunion in a cohort of patients with MRI-detected acute scaphoid fractures.

Methods: This multicentre cohort study at eight centres in the UK included all patients with an acute scaphoid fracture diagnosed on MRI having presented acutely following wrist trauma with normal radiographs.

Lower limb muscle strength and balance in older adults with a distal radius fracture: a systematic review.

Background: Distal radius fractures are common fractures in older adults and associated with increased risk of future functional decline and hip fracture. Whether lower limb muscle strength and balance are impaired in this patient population is uncertain. To help inform rehabilitation requirements, this systematic review aimed to compare lower limb muscle strength and balance between older adults with a distal radius fracture with matched controls, and to synthesise lower limb muscle strength and balance outcomes in older adults with a distal radius fracture.

Phases of Match-Play in Professional Australian Football: Positional Demands and Match-Related Fatigue.

This study examined the influence of player position and match quarter on activity profiles during the phases of play in Australian Football. Global positioning satellite data was collected for one season from an Australian Football League team for nomadic, key position and ruck players (age: 24.8 ± 4.

Factors associated with cooperative network connectedness in a professional Australian football small-sided game.

Objectives: Connectedness is a cooperative network measure that describes how well players in the team bi-directionally connect and how easily reachable they are to other players. It has been associated with an increased probability of winning competitive matches in professional Australian Football (AF), although applications towards training have not been reported. Therefore, this study investigated associations between constraints manipulated by professional AF coaches and the connectedness of cooperative passing networks during a small-sided game (SSG).

The reliability and clinical utility of a simple MRI based classification tool for acute scaphoid injuries: the OxSMART.

Aims: The evidence demonstrating the superiority of early MRI has led to increased use of MRI in clinical pathways for acute wrist trauma. The aim of this study was to describe the radiological characteristics and the inter-observer reliability of a new MRI based classification system for scaphoid injuries in a consecutive series of patients.

Methods: We identified 80 consecutive patients with acute scaphoid injuries at one centre who had presented within four weeks of injury.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Mental Health-Related School-Nurse Visits in United States Schools.

Objective: No studies have examined school-nurse visits related to mental health (MH) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We examined changes in the rate of MH-related school-nurse visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We analyzed school-nurse visit data (n = 3,445,240) for subjects Grade K-12 in US public schools using electronic health record software (SchoolCare, Ramsey, NJ).

Mepolizumab for urban children with exacerbation-prone eosinophilic asthma in the USA (MUPPITS-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial.

Background: Black and Hispanic children living in urban environments in the USA have an excess burden of morbidity and mortality from asthma. Therapies directed at the eosinophilic phenotype reduce asthma exacerbations in adults, but few data are available in children and diverse populations. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms that underlie exacerbations either being prevented by, or persisting despite, immune-based therapies are not well understood.

Are local analgesics effective in reducing autonomic dysreflexia in individuals with spinal cord injury? A systematic review.

Study Design: Systematic review.

Objectives: To systematically review the evidence on the use of local analgesics, specifically lidocaine or bupivacaine, to prevent autonomic dysreflexia (AD) during iatrogenic procedures or bowel and bladder care routines in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods: A keyword search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Cochrane Reviews, PsycInfo, Embase, and Web of Science databases identified all English-language studies evaluating the efficacy of local analgesics in reducing AD.

Atopic Dermatitis Mediates the Association Between an IL4RA Variant and Food Allergy in School-Aged Children.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA) may share genetic risk factors. It is unknown whether genetic factors directly cause FA or are mediated through AD, as the dual-allergen hypothesis suggests.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that AD mediates the relationship between an IL-4 receptor alpha chain gene (IL4RA) variant, the human IL-4 receptor alpha chain protein-R576 polymorphism, and FA.

Collective behaviour in high and low-level youth soccer teams.

Background: An expert/non-expert paradigm often helps understand the underpinnings of sports expertise; however, this method is scarcely extended to the complexities of collective behaviour in youth soccer.

Aim: Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to investigate differences in the collective behaviour of youth soccer teams by expertise level.

Methodology: Soccer players aged 15 to 20 years from high (n = 35) and low (n = 40) playing levels competed in two age-matched 5v5 small-sided games.

Tactical analysis of individual and team behaviour in professional Australian Football.

Introduction: This study sought to reduce the dimensionality of commonly reported spatiotemporal characteristics obtained from Australian Football games to facilitate their practical use and interpretability.

Methods: A retrospective longitudinal design was utilised with team and individual spatiotemporal variables, measured via global navigation satellite system devices, collected during official Australian Football League matched over three seasons. Two separate principal component analyses were conducted at the team and individual level to reduce correlated spatiotemporal characteristics into a smaller set of uncorrelated components.

HEPA filtration intervention in classrooms may improve some students' asthma.

Objective: The School Inner-City Asthma Intervention Study 2 (SICAS 2) tested interventions to reduce exposures in classrooms of students with asthma. The objective of this analysis was limited to evaluating the effect of high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filtration interventions on mold levels as quantified using the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) and the possible improvement in the students' asthma, as quantified by spirometry testing.

Methods: Pre-intervention dust samples were collected at the beginning of the school year from classrooms and corresponding homes of students with asthma ( = 150).

A holistic analysis of collective behaviour and team performance in Australian Football via structural equation modelling.

Despite awareness of the importance of quantifying technical, tactical, and physical characteristics of match play, few studies have examined the structural relationship of these aspects in professional sport. Accordingly, this study concurrently examined these components in relation to quarter outcome (n = 272) in Australian Football. The study followed a retrospective longitudinal case study design where one teams' cooperative passing network, skill counts, physical loads, and spatiotemporal behaviours during official Australian Football League games were collected from a period spanning four seasons (2016-2019).

Match simulation practice may not represent competitive match play in professional Australian football.

Match simulation in team sport should sample representative constraints and behaviours to those observed in competitive matches to enhance near skill transfer. This study compared task constraints (field length, field width, length per width ratio, space per player), time-standardised skill metrics (goals, shots on goal, handballs, kicks, marks, turnovers, tackles, handball proficiency, kick proficiency) and cooperative passing metrics (connectedness, indegree variability and outdegree variability) between match simulation practice and competitive Australian Football League (AFL) games for one professional team. MANOVAs identified activity-related differences for task constraints, skill metrics and cooperative passing networks.

Effect of School Integrated Pest Management or Classroom Air Filter Purifiers on Asthma Symptoms in Students With Active Asthma: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: School and classroom allergens and particles are associated with asthma morbidity, but the benefit of environmental remediation is not known.

Objective: To determine whether use of a school-wide integrated pest management (IPM) program or high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter purifiers in the classrooms improve asthma symptoms in students with active asthma.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Factorial randomized clinical trial of a school-wide IPM program and HEPA filter purifiers in the classrooms was conducted from 2015 to 2020 (School Inner-City Asthma Intervention Study).

Suspected scaphoid injuries managed by MRI direct from the emergency department : a single-centre prospective cohort study.

Aims: To determine the role of early MRI in the management of suspected scaphoid fractures.

Methods: A total of 337 consecutive patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) following wrist trauma over a 12-month period were prospectively included in this service evaluation project. MRI was not required in 62 patients with clear diagnoses, and 17 patients were not managed as per pathway, leaving a total of 258 patients with normal scaphoid series radiographs who were then referred directly from ED for an acute wrist MRI scan.

Detection of Food Allergens in School and Home Environments of Elementary Students.

Background: Little is known about environmental food allergen exposure on school surfaces.

Objective: To compare the distribution of major food allergens in floor dust and table wipe samples from elementary schools and dust samples from students' homes.

Methods: In this substudy of the School Inner-City Asthma Study-II, 103 table wipe samples and 98 floor dust samples from cafeterias and classrooms in 18 elementary schools were analyzed for milk, peanut, cashew, hazelnut, and egg using a multiplex array.