External Validation of the Surgical Intervention for Traumatic Injuries Scale in Children.

Objectives: The Surgical Intervention for Traumatic Injuries (SITI) scale is intended to predict the likelihood of needing surgical decompression among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). We sought to examine the performance of the SITI score to predict likelihood of acute neurosurgical intervention for children with TBI.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study of children diagnosed with TBI as determined by International Classification of Diseases codes, presenting to a single level 1 pediatric trauma center, between June 1, 2003, and May 31, 2018.

At-home Administration of Opioid Analgesia in Children After Reduction of Forearm Fracture.

Objective: Controversy exists surrounding which agents best provide analgesia in children with fractures. Prior studies have demonstrated that ED visits for fracture-related pain have the highest rates of opioid prescribing. Studies have also found that NSAIDs are equivalent at controlling acute fracture-related pain.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Hospital Admission and Diagnostic Evaluation for Febrile Seizures in the Emergency Department.

Objective: To examine differences in hospital admission and diagnostic evaluation for febrile seizure by race and ethnicity.

Study Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study among children 6 months to 6 years with simple or complex febrile seizure between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2021, using data from the Pediatric Health Information System. The primary outcome was hospital admission.

Piloting a Mobile Clinical Decision Support Application for Pediatric Clinical Guidelines.

Mobile Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs) represent an increasingly utilized technology to promote clinical guideline use. We sought to explore clinician guideline use and access preferences during implementation of a mobile guideline app at a free-standing children's hospital integrating 23 guidelines. Surveys included demographic variables and access preferences among anonymous onboarded clinicians in January 2022.

Variation in Organizational Clinical Practice Guidelines for Croup.

Background: Croup is one of the most common respiratory complaints in pediatric emergency departments (EDs), yet little is known about clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for this condition.

Objectives: To describe variation in CPGs across US children's hospitals.

Methods: We describe the prevalence and features of CPGs among hospitals that submit data to the Pediatric Health Information System.

Impact of Clinical Guidelines on Hospital Utilization in Children With Croup.

Objectives: To assess the impact of croup guidelines on healthcare utilization and association between guideline-recommended racemic epinephrine (RE) treatments and admission.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of children ≥3 months to ≤8 years with croup diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) from 38 hospitals within the Pediatric Health Information System between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2022. Guidelines were categorized by minimum number of RE treatments recommended before admission.

Effect of Prearrival Orders on Time to Antibiotics for Immunocompromised Oncology Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Fever.

Objective: Pediatric cancer patients with fever are at risk for invasive bacterial infection. The administration of antibiotics to these patients within the first hour of evaluation is viewed as a quality of care metric with potential to improve outcome. We sought to evaluate the impact of prearrival patient orders on the timeliness of antibiotic administration for this patient population presenting to the emergency department (ED) because of fever.

Accuracy and Interrater Reliability of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography Image Interpretation for Intussusception.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and interrater reliability of (1) point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) image interpretation for identification of intussusception and (2) reliability of secondary signs associated with intussusception among experts compared with novice POCUS reviewers.

Methods: We conducted a planned secondary analysis of a prospective, convenience sample of children aged 3 months to 6 years who were evaluated with POCUS for intussusception across 17 international pediatric emergency departments between October 2018 and December 2020. A random sample of 100 POCUS examinations was reviewed by novice and expert POCUS reviewers.

Analysis of COVID-19-Related Croup and SARS-CoV-2 Variant Predominance in the US.

This cross-sectional study investigates the association of dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants with COVID-19–related croup.

Association of Neighborhood Resources and Race and Ethnicity With Readmissions for Diabetic Ketoacidosis at US Children's Hospitals.

Importance: The Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI) assesses neighborhood resources and conditions that influence health. It is unclear whether the COI scores are associated with health outcomes by race and ethnicity among children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Explaining Adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics Screen Time Recommendations With Caregiver Awareness and Parental Motivation Factors: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: With the increasing integration of technology into society, it is advisable that researchers explore the effects of repeated digital media exposure on our most vulnerable population-infants. Excessive screen time during infancy has been linked to delays in language, literacy, and self-regulation.

Objective: This study explores the awareness of and adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) recommendations related to avoiding screen time for infants younger than 2 years and the motivational factors associated with screen time exposure.

Infants distinguish and represent pattern as an object feature from externally generated patterns superimposed on real, 3-dimensional objects' surfaces.

As infants form object representations, the patterns viewed on objects' surfaces may be challenging to decipher because these patterns may be created from the surface reflectance of an object (an object property) or from an external source, such as a cast shadow. We tested 7 ½-month-old infants' use of cues that specify the source of patterns seen on the surfaces of real, 3-dimensional objects to individuate those objects. Results suggest that when forming object representations based on patterns, 7½-month-olds rely heavily on temporal and depth cues to distinguish patterns inherent to the object from other types of patterns.

Children's use of local and global visual features for material perception.

Adults can rapidly recognize material properties in natural images, and children's performance in material categorization tasks suggests that this ability develops slowly during childhood. In the current study, we further examined the information children use to recognize materials during development by asking how the use of local versus global visual features for material perception changes in middle childhood. We recruited adults and 5- to 10-year-old children for three experiments that required participants to distinguish between shape-matched images of real and artificial food.