Age and sex or gender (sex/gender) and HIV vaccine preparedness.

An examination of age and sex or gender (sex/gender) in HIV vaccine preparedness studies can contribute to an understanding of these demographic variables in preparation for actual HIV vaccine trials. In this descriptive review, age and sex or gender (sex/gender) were examined in relation to willingness to participate (WTP) and retention in an HIV vaccine trial. Twenty-five articles were retrieved from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and 28 articles were retrieved from the non-OECD countries.

An update on human immunodeficiency virus vaccine preparedness studies.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine preparedness studies (VPSs) have taken place in both the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the non-OECD countries. HIV VPSs are conducted to assess the feasibility of phase 3 HIV vaccine trials. This descriptive review is an update of HIV VPSs in the non-OECD countries, and examines the willingness to participate (WTP) in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials, as well as retention.

Socioeconomic status and HIV vaccine preparedness studies in North America.

Educational level, employment, and income are key components of socioeconomic status (SES). This article is a systematic review of SES variables in North American countries, and their relationship to willingness to participate (WTP) and retention in a hypothetical preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial and in actual HIV vaccine trials. Men who have sex with men (MSM) tended to have higher educational levels, be more employed, and had higher income levels than injection drug users (IDU) and women at heterosexual risk (WAHR).

Effect of race/ethnicity on participation in HIV vaccine trials and comparison to other trials of biomedical prevention.

Introduction: Racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented in actual HIV vaccine trials in North America, and willingness to participate (WTP) and retention in an HIV vaccine trial may differ from that in Whites.

Methods: In this review, the authors identified HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) in North America in high-risk populations that examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and WTP in a preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial, and the relationship to retention. Studies were categorized by risk group, and comparison group (Whites vs.

Motivators to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials.

An examination of actual HIV vaccine trials can contribute to an understanding of motivators for participation in these studies. Analysis of these motivators reveals that they can be categorized as social and personal benefits. Social benefits are generally altruistic, whereas personal benefits are psychological, physical, and financial.

Barriers to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials.

Cognitive barriers to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials have not been previously comprehensively reviewed. In this review article, barriers in actual early phase, phase 2B, and phase 3 HIV vaccine trials are quantified and categorized, and compared between the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the non-OECD countries. Participation rates were standardized to allow for comparisons.

Barriers to Participation in Actual HIV Vaccine Trials.

Cognitive barriers to participation in actual HIV vaccine trials have not been previously comprehensively reviewed. In this review article, barriers in actual early phase, phase 2B, and phase 3 HIV vaccine trials are quantified and categorized, and compared between the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and the non-OECD countries. Participation rates were standardized to allow for comparisons.

Motivators to participation in medical trials: the application of social and personal categorization.

The Health Belief Model provides a framework to understand motivators for volunteering for medical research. Motivators can take the form of social and personal benefits. In this systematic review of review articles, we contrast motivators of participation in actual cancer trials to those in actual HIV vaccine trials.

Cognitive factors and willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial among HIV-positive injection drug users.

There are gaps in our knowledge of the role cognitive factors play in determining people's willingness to participate (WTP) in therapeutic HIV vaccine trials. Using a cross-sectional study of HIV-positive injection drug users (IDU), we determined the role of three cognitive factors: HIV treatment optimism, self-efficacy beliefs, and knowledge of vaccine trial concepts in relation to WTP in a hypothetical phase 3 therapeutic HIV vaccine trial. WTP was 54%.

Barriers of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies.

Barriers to participation in an HIV vaccine trial have been examined in many HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS). These barriers can be understood in terms of the locus of the barrier (personal vs. social) and the nature of the barrier (risk vs.

Motivators of enrolment in HIV vaccine trials: a review of HIV vaccine preparedness studies.

HIV vaccine preparedness studies (VPS) are important precursors to HIV vaccine trials. As well, they contribute to an understanding of motivators and barriers for participation in hypothetical HIV vaccine trials. Motivators can take the form of altruism and a desire for social benefits.

A review of the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT instrument: 1999-2010.

Introduction: Alcohol (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUD) are common among adolescents. The CRAFFT (Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble, 1999) was developed as a brief screening instrument for adolescents to measure AUD and SUD. This systematic review examines the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT.

Cognitive factors and willingness to participate in an HIV vaccine trial among HIV-negative injection drug users.

This cross-sectional study involving a cohort of injection drug users (IDU) examined the relationship between cognitive factors (HIV treatment optimism, self-efficacy and knowledge of vaccine trial concepts) as well as risk factors for seroconversion, and willingness to participate (WTP) in a preventive phase 3 HIV vaccine trial. Willingness to participate overall was 56%. In a multivariate analysis, for a 20-unit increase in a 100-point composite scale, self-efficacy was positively related to WTP (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.

Determinants of condom use: results of the Canadian Community Health Survey 3.1.

Objectives: To examine the independent effects of mood disorder, age, race/ethnicity, personal income, being a current student, having a regular medical doctor and substance use in relationship to condom use at last intercourse in a Canadian population stratified by sex.

Methods: We used Cycle 3.1 of the 2006 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 3.

The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies.

Purpose: To review the reliability and validity of the CAGE questionnaire across different patient populations and discuss its role in the detection of alcohol-related problems.

Methods: The Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Medline, Embase, and Psychinfo were searched. No systematic reviews were found on the Cochrane Database.

Complementary and alternative medicine use in British Columbia--a survey of HIV positive people on antiretroviral therapy.

In 2002, the British Columbia (BC) Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS collected final detailed data on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in their HIV treatment program. This cross-sectional study of 682 participants examines types and determinants of CAM use in this program, and examines adverse effects associated with CAM use and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among the 47% ever CAM users in the included population, vitamins/minerals (81%), meditation/yoga (36%), massage (31%), marijuana (30%), dietary supplements (24%), and herbal medicines (19%), were most commonly used.

Postsurgical tetanus.

The incidence of tetanus declined dramatically in the 20th century owing to routine vaccination and prompt attention to wound care. Postsurgical tetanus is uncommon, with both exogenous and endogenous sources being responsible for disease. The majority of cases of postoperative tetanus have been observed after intra-abdominal surgery.