Identification of a Modified Wiener-Hammerstein System and Its Application in Electrically Stimulated Paralyzed Skeletal Muscle Modeling.

Electrical muscle stimulation demonstrates potential for restoring functional movement and preventing muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury (SCI). Control systems used to optimize delivery of electrical stimulation protocols depend upon mathematical models of paralyzed muscle force outputs. While accurate, the Hill-Huxley-type model is very complex, making it difficult to implement for real-time control.