Auditory cortical regions show resting-state functional connectivity with the default mode-like network in echolocating bats.

Echolocating bats are among the most social and vocal of all mammals. These animals are ideal subjects for functional MRI (fMRI) studies of auditory social communication given their relatively hypertrophic limbic and auditory neural structures and their reduced ability to hear MRI gradient noise. Yet, no resting-state networks relevant to social cognition (e.

Corrigendum: A 5-min Cognitive Task With Deep Learning Accurately Detects Early Alzheimer's Disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.

Rapid infusion of fish oil-based lipid emulsions: Is there a risk of fat overload syndrome? A case report of rapid administration.

What Is Known And Objectives: Errors involving the delivery of IVFE containing soybean oil have known significant complications, including fat overload syndrome. However, little is known regarding the risks of fat overload syndrome with other types of lipid emulsions.

Case Summary: We describe a medication administration error that resulted in rapid fish oil-base lipid emulsion (Omegaven) infusion in a five-month-old infant with parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD).

Depression is associated with hippocampal volume loss in adults with HIV.

Depressive symptoms are more prevalent in persons with HIV (PWH) than HIV-uninfected individuals. In HIV-uninfected individuals, depression has been associated with atrophy in the hippocampus and other brain regions. In the present study, we investigated the impact of depression on brain structure in PWH.

A 5-min Cognitive Task With Deep Learning Accurately Detects Early Alzheimer's Disease.

The goal of this study was to investigate and compare the classification performance of machine learning with behavioral data from standard neuropsychological tests, a cognitive task, or both. A neuropsychological battery and a simple 5-min cognitive task were administered to eight individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), eight individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 41 demographically match controls (CN). A fully connected multilayer perceptron (MLP) network and four supervised traditional machine learning algorithms were used.

The effect of bilingualism on brain development from early childhood to young adulthood.

Bilingualism affects the structure of the brain in adults, as evidenced by experience-dependent grey and white matter changes in brain structures implicated in language learning, processing, and control. However, limited evidence exists on how bilingualism may influence brain development. We examined the developmental patterns of both grey and white matter structures in a cross-sectional study of a large sample (n = 711 for grey matter, n = 637 for white matter) of bilingual and monolingual participants, aged 3-21 years.

Low CD4 nadir linked to widespread cortical thinning in adults living with HIV.

Background: The history of immune suppression, especially CD4 nadir, has been shown to be a strong predictor of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, the potential mechanism of this association is not well understood.

Methods: High resolution structural MRI images and neuropsychological data were obtained from fifty-nine HIV+ adults (mean age, 56.

Sequence learning in the human brain: A functional neuroanatomical meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies.

Sequence learning underlies numerous motor, cognitive, and social skills. Previous models and empirical investigations of sequence learning in humans and non-human animals have implicated cortico-basal ganglia-cerebellar circuitry as well as other structures. To systematically examine the functional neuroanatomy of sequence learning in humans, we conducted a series of neuroanatomical meta-analyses.

Genotypic and phenotypic variability of 22q11.2 microduplications: An institutional experience.

Duplications in the 22q11.2 region can cause 22q11.2 duplication syndrome and encompass a variety of phenotypes including developmental delays, facial abnormalities, cardiovascular defects, central nervous system delays, and other congenital abnormalities.

Management of Late Preterm and Term Neonates exposed to maternal Chorioamnionitis.

Background: Chorioamnionitis is a significant risk factor for early-onset neonatal sepsis. However, empiric antibiotic treatment is unnecessary for most asymptomatic newborns exposed to maternal chorioamnionitis (MC). The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes of asymptomatic neonates ≥35 weeks gestational age (GA) exposed to MC, who were managed without routine antibiotic administration and were clinically monitored while following complete blood cell counts (CBCs).

Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Fluconazole Using Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples From Preterm and Term Infants.

Fluconazole is used to treat hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis in preterm and term infants. To characterize plasma and central nervous system exposure, an adult fluconazole physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was scaled to infants, accounting for age dependencies in glomerular filtration and metabolism. The model was optimized using 760 plasma samples from 166 infants (median postmenstrual age (range) 28 weeks (24-50)) and 27 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 22 infants (postmenstrual age 28 weeks (24-33)).

Language learning in the adult brain: A neuroanatomical meta-analysis of lexical and grammatical learning.

Language learning as an adult, though often difficult, is quite common. Nevertheless, the neural substrates of this process remain unclear, even though identifying them should clarify how language is learned and could lead to improved success at this endeavor. We addressed this gap by conducting multiple neuroanatomical meta-analyses to synthesize the functional neuroimaging literature of language learning.

Emergent coordination underlying learning to reach to grasp with a brain-machine interface.

The development of coordinated reach-to-grasp movement has been well studied in infants and children. However, the role of motor cortex during this development is unclear because it is difficult to study in humans. We took the approach of using a brain-machine interface (BMI) paradigm in rhesus macaques with prior therapeutic amputations to examine the emergence of novel, coordinated reach to grasp.

Breastfeeding Education and Support Services Provided to Family Medicine and Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents.

Background: Breastfeeding education is known to be insufficient in pediatric (PEDS) training and is, in part, responsible for suboptimal rates of breastfeeding. No recent studies about the level of education provided to family medicine (FM) and obstetrics-gynecology (OB) residency trainees are available.

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate breastfeeding education and support services provided to FM and OB residents in the United States.

Task-based changes in proton MR spectroscopy signal during configural working memory in human medial temporal lobe.

Purpose: To detect local cholinergic changes in human medial temporal lobe during configural working memory performance.

Materials And Methods: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( H-MRS) measurements were acquired at 3T from a 2 × 2 × 3 cm voxel in right medial temporal lobe from 36 subjects during performance of a configural visual working memory task (cWMT). In order to compensate for expected task-based blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) T * effects, resonance signal changes of unbound choline-containing metabolites (Cho) were referenced to an internal standard of creatine + phosphocreatine metabolites (Cre) and compared between four task blocks: rest, memorization, active memory maintenance, and recognition.

Ebola Virus and Marburg Virus in Human Milk Are Inactivated by Holder Pasteurization.

Background: Potential donors of human milk are screened for Ebola virus (EBOV) using standard questions, but testing for EBOV and Marburg virus (MARV) is not part of routine serological testing performed by milk banks. Research aim: This study tested the hypothesis that EBOV would be inactivated in donor human milk (DHM) by standard pasteurization techniques (Holder) used in all North American nonprofit milk banks.

Methods: Milk samples were obtained from a nonprofit milk bank.

Clindamycin Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Preterm and Term Infants.

Clindamycin may be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen causing sepsis in infants, but optimal dosing in this population is unknown. We performed a multicenter, prospective pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety study of clindamycin in infants. We analyzed the data using a population PK analysis approach and included samples from two additional pediatric trials.

Sources of marital conflict in five cultures.

This analysis of previously collected data examined four fitness-relevant issues for their possible role in marital conflict. These were sex, finances, division of labor, and raising children, selected in light of their pertinence to sex differences in reproductive strategies. Over 2,000 couples in five diverse cultures were studied.

Investigating neurological deficits in carriers and affected patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

Background: Urea cycle disorders are caused by dysfunction in any of the six enzymes and two transport proteins involved in urea biosynthesis. Our study focuses on ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD), an X-linked disorder that results in a dysfunctional mitochondrial enzyme, which prevents the synthesis of citrulline from carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine. This enzyme deficiency can lead to hyperammonemic episodes and severe cerebral edema.

Effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on candidiasis and mortality in premature infants: a randomized clinical trial.

Importance: Invasive candidiasis in premature infants causes death and neurodevelopmental impairment. Fluconazole prophylaxis reduces candidiasis, but its effect on mortality and the safety of fluconazole are unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fluconazole in preventing death or invasive candidiasis in extremely low-birth-weight infants.

Social status moderates the relationship between facial structure and aggression.

A growing body of evidence has linked individual differences in facial structure-in particular, the facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR)-to social behaviors, including aggression, cheating, and nonreciprocation of trust. In the research reported here, we extended this work by demonstrating that the association between FWHR and aggression is moderated by subjective and objective measures of social status. In Study 1 (N = 237 college students), FWHR was positively correlated with aggressive behavior, but only among men reporting relatively low social status.

Altered neural activation in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency during executive cognition: an fMRI study.

Background: Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is an X-linked urea cycle disorder characterized by hyperammonemia resulting in white matter injury and impairments in working memory and executive cognition.

Objective: To test for differences in BOLD signal activation between subjects with OTCD and healthy controls during a working memory task.

Design, Setting And Patients: Nineteen subjects with OTCD and 21 healthy controls participated in a case-control, IRB-approved study at Georgetown University Medical Center.

Quantification and localization of EEG interictal spike activity in patients with surgically removed epileptogenic foci.

Objective: To demonstrate if interictal spike activity was localized within the resected area in surgically treated epilepsy patients; and if there is correspondence between the degree of localization and improvement after surgery.

Methods: We analyzed long-term EEGs from 34 patients. Interictal spikes were grouped in clusters and averaged according to morphology and topography.

Diffusion tensor imaging detects areas of abnormal white matter microstructure in patients with partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

Background And Purpose: OTCD, an X-linked disorder, is the most common of the UCDs. Neonatal onset is associated with uniformly poor outcome. Males with late-onset OTCD show deficits in executive function, motor planning, and working memory.

Diffusion tensor imaging in arginase deficiency reveals damage to corticospinal tracts.

Individuals with a proximal urea cycle disorder, such as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency 1 or ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, may present with encephalopathy resulting from hyperammonemia. The clinical presentation of arginase deficiency is considerably different, characterized by progressive spasticity involving the lower extremities and usually dementia. Diagnosis may be delayed, and patients are often thought to have cerebral palsy.