[Indralin--a novel effective radioprotector during irradiation by high-energy protons].

Experiments with 120 mongrel dogs were aimed at the assessment of radio protective strength of indralin and local shielding of the pelvic marrow from 2.5 Gy, and also their concurrent use for the dogs irradiated by protons (240 MeV) at absolutely lethal and over-lethal 4 Gy and 5 Gy. Clinical observations, hematological investigations and ECG analysis of survived animals were conducted 4.

[Protective action of radioprotectors and shielding against high-energy protons in experiments with rats].

Experiments with male rats were staged to study effectiveness of radioprotectors of two classes of chemical compounds (aminothiols--cystamine and indolyl alkylamines--mexamine and indralin) against high-energy protons (120 MeV) at a minimal absolutely lethal dose (10 Gy) and more than lethal doses (11.0-14.0 Gy).

[Mexidol effects in extreme conditions (experiments with animals)].

In extreme conditions like a new situation, bright light, open space, immobilization, height (the open field and lifted cruciform labyrinth test) and a conflict between an unavoidable action and fear of painful mexidol at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of a body weight eliminates anxiety and fear in rats, recovers adequate reactions and the orientative-trying behavior, and lessens aggressiveness. Mexidol extends life span of mice in acute hypoxic conditions. Mexidol is highly competitive with diazepam as an anti-stress agent and excels it as an anti-hypoxic agent; in contrast to diazepam, mexidol does not cause sedation and myorelaxation.

[Comparative protective action of radiorotectors and shielding in gamma-irradiated mice].

Experiments with male mice were performed to evaluate comparative effectiveness of radioprotectors cystamine, aminoethyl isothiuronium, mexamine and indralin against minimal absolutely lethal gamma-doses (9 Gy). The best protective effect was demonstrated by indralin at a dose of 75 mg/kg. Supportive data were received in experiments with rats.

[Antistressor and analgesic effects of mexidol, diazepam, paracetamol, and their combinations].

Mexidol (100 and 200 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 and 2 mg/kg) exhibit a dose-dependent antistressor effect in the pain expectation stress test in rats (conditional emotional reflex). The effect is manifested by the normalization of both motor and somatovegetative characteristics. Paracetamol in a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg does not possess antistressor properties.

[Phlebohemodynamics in the femoral vein and postcava during a voluntary quick single contraction of shin muscles in supine and standing humans].

Effects of a voluntary single quick shin contraction on quantitative parameters of the venous outflow in the femoral vein and postcava were investigated in 65 normal males and females with the Doppler ultrasonic and duplex blood pool scanning techniques. Measured were linear spontaneous blood flow, mean linear and peak velocites of the transport of blood after the muscle contraction, baseline linear cross sections of the femoral vein and postcava cross section, and their extension in the course of mobilized blood evacuation. Based on these measurements calculated were weight power space velocities of the spontaneous blood flow and volumes of mobilized venous blood The investigations were made in supine and standing subjects.

[Ultrasonographic evaluation of the venous tone in humans in the clinical pharmacology of venotropic drugs].

A new ultrasonographic method of evaluation of the venous tone in humans is described and experimentally justified. The method is based on the principles of venous occlusion plethysmograhy and ultrasonographic two-dimensional imaging of the cross section of cubital veins. It is found that an increment of the cross-sectional area of the vein is correlated with a change in the volume of distal segment of the upper extremity according to the data of aqueous plethysmography.

[Neuroendocrine factors in pathogenesis of motion sickness and the protective effect of drugs].

The paper presents a generalization of many-year complex investigations performed at various departments of the Institute of Medico-Biological Problems (Moscow) and various laboratories and institutes of the Ministry of Public Health and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, devoted to the pathogenesis of motion disease (sea sickness, vestibulo vegetative syndrome, various forms of kinetosis). The main attention is given to interpretation of the mechanisms of therapeutic and prophylactic action of drugs used for the treatment of such disorders. In particular, the role of a hormonal component of the system of regulation of physiological functions is considered as manifested in the models of the vestibulovegetative syndrome and in the pharmacotherapy of the motion disease.

[The effect of gravity on the linear velocity of blood flow along the arterial bed in healthy humans].

The ultrasonic Doppler technique was used to determine the effect of gravity on the linear velocity of blood flow in the main arterial vessels in the neck, brain and legs in 67 essentially normal human subjects of both sexes. The hemodynamic effect of gravity was neutralized by placing the subjects in the horizontal position; effects of the force of gravity were stimulated by active upright posture. It was shown that most commonly the arterial blood flow reacts to the orthostatic orientation by reducing the linear velocity, especially in the leg.

[Pharmacological prophylaxis of vestibulo-autonomous syndrome (motion sickness) in model investigations].

The authors summarize results of multiyear investigations at the Institute of Biomedical Problems of induced motion sickness and development of prophylactic medicaments representing various classes of biologically active substances (choline blocking agents, sympathomimetics, antihistamines etc.) prescribed singularly or in an combination based on the knowledge of MS-provoking inter-receptor interactions and therapeutic effects of drugs.

[An experimental validation of pharmacological agents to arrest the vestibulo-autonomic syndrome (motion sickness)].

The results of development and experimental evaluation of the efficiency of pharmacological means of cupping the vestibulo-vegetative syndrome in man are presented. A model and procedure of evaluation of pharmacological cupping of the Vestibulo-vegetative syndrome are developed. The intramuscular injection of the mixture containing ephedrine, promethazine hydrochloride and strychnine (25, 50, and 1 mg, respectively) appeared most effective.

[The role of neurochemical mechanisms in the pathogenesis of kinetoses and the therapeutic-prophylactic action of drugs].

Experimental and clinical data on the neurochemical and neurohumoral mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and therapeutic and preventive effects of drugs are generalized. Literature data and the authors' own data concerning drugs used for the prevention and treatment of kinetoses are given. The possible mechanisms of their effect against motion sickness are suggested.

[Problem of orthostatic intolerance in astronauts and perspectives for its pharmacological prevention].

Double-blind placebo-controlled method was applied to study venoconstrictor agent Dihydroergotamine effects on orthostatic tolerance in 8 healthy male-volunteers after 6-hour exposure to antiorthostatic stress (-6 degrees). The drug was able to induce blood centralization and diuresis additional to those caused by the simulated microgravity per se and failed to prevent the orthostatic intolerance. In 6 subjects the studies were repeated with the occlusive cuffs used in order to prevent venous blood return from the vascular bed of the lower limbs during 0-gravity simulation.

[The problems of the experimental and clinical pharmacology of venotropic drugs].

The article deals with problems of phenomenology of the selective vasomotor response of veins to the effect of drugs, analyses the peripheral and central hemodynamic effects of venotropic drugs, discusses and systematizes the principles of correct quantitative evaluation of venomotor reactions. Some representatives of the group of venotropic drugs are characterized and the main problems of their clinical use are discussed. The problems of promising trends of research are formulated.

[Movement disorders in the context of P.K. Anokhin's theory of functional systems].

The authors' own findings and the data available in the literature as to movement diseases (MD) in animals and man were reviewed in the context of P. K. Anokhin's theory of functional systems.

[The stabilization of heat maintenance in the human body by administering sydnogluton].

Sydnocarb plus glutamic acid (sydnogluton) was given in doses from mean therapeutical to large daily doses to volunteers during exercises under the conditions of experimental microgravitation and cold exposures. Clinical and physiological findings, thermo- and spirometric evidence, and biochemical and radioimmunoassays led the authors to the conclusion that sydnogluton showed psychostimulating, thermogenic, and actoprotective effects.

[The effect of diphosphonates on the metabolism of calcium, its regulation and the state of the bone tissue in the modelling of the physiological effects of weightlessness].

The diphosphonates AMOA and OEDP had a positive action on calcium metabolism and regulation and the osseous tissue in tilt-suspension and hypokinetic Wistar rats in 40-60-day experiments. During special regimens of physical training, ksidifon (OEDP) produced preventive effects on calcium metabolism and renal calciuretic function in man during 120-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the agent may be recommended for prevention of alterations in mineral metabolism and osseous tissue at long-term bed rest.

[Hemodynamic status of man in a graded orthostatic test].

Fourteen volunteers were exposed to a graded orthostatic test by a passive tilt from the horizontal position (0 degree) to an orthostatic posture (70 degrees) with intermediate angles of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 degrees. Each position was maintained for 5 min. At the end of each step ECG, the first derivative of impedance cardiogram and auscultative blood pressure were registered.

[Functional changes of the cardiovascular system and their pharmacological correction during suited immersion].

In the course of 126 man/exposures of 3 hours to 3 days in duration, in which 39 test subjects took part, circulation responses to the upright and supine body position during suited immersion as well as orthostatic and exercise tolerance after immersion were investigated. During 24 man/exposures for 2 days the subjects were administered per os placebo or one of the four neurotrophic drugs: sydnocarb, sydnogluton, sydstrigluton, estrigluton. Clinical observations, instrumented data and methodical features of the immersion model used give evidence that the suited immersion has advantages over currently used procedures simulating the effects of hypogravity.