Role of stomatal and leaf anatomical features in defining plant performance under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone, in the changing climate scenario.

This research investigates the interactive effects of elevated ozone (eO) and carbon dioxide (eCO) on stomatal morphology and leaf anatomical characteristics in two wheat cultivars with varying O sensitivities. Elevated O increased stomatal density and conductance, causing oxidative stress and cellular damage, particularly in the O-sensitive cultivar PBW-550 (PW), compared to HUW-55 (HW). Conversely, eCO reduced stomatal density and pore size, mitigating O-induced damage by limiting O influx.

The ability of low levels of elevated ozone to change the growth and phytochemical constituents of a medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.

Ground-level ozone (O) is well recognized as a secondary air pollutant with detrimental effects on plant growth and biochemistry. In a field study, Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitter) was exposed to ambient O and elevated O (AO + 20 ppb) at three growth stages [45, 90, and 135 days after treatment, (DAT)] using open-top chambers. Elevated O stress negatively impacted plant growth, increased cell damage, and induced foliar injuries.

Investigating the potency of ethylenediurea (EDU) in alleviating the affliction of ambient ozone in heat labile tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Tomato is the second most valuable vegetable crop, and its susceptibility to tropospheric ozone (O) varies on the cultivar. Eight tomato cultivars with documented O sensitivity were reevaluated using ethylenediurea (400 ppm EDU) to determine the effectiveness of EDU in assessing O sensitivity under heavily O-polluted tropical conditions. EDU helped in amending the growth, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and yield characteristics in the tomato cultivars.

Understanding the impact of elevated CO and O on growth and yield in Indian wheat cultivars: Implications for food security in a changing climate.

The pressing issue of increasing tropospheric ozone (O) levels necessitates the development of effective stress management strategies for plant protection. While considerable research has elucidated the adverse impacts of O, understanding the combined effects of O and CO requires further investigation. This study focuses on assessing the response of stomatal O flux under various O and CO treatments, individually and in combination, and their repercussions on physiological, growth, and yield attributes in two Indian wheat cultivars, HUW-55 and PBW-550, which exhibit varying levels of sensitivities against elevated O.

Unraveling the underlying mechanisms of biochemical, physiological, and growth responses of two pea ( L.) cultivars under simulated acid rain-induced oxidative stress.

Unlabelled: The current experiment was designed to evaluate the ramifications of simulated acid rain (SAR) on two pea ( L.) cultivars, Kashi Samridhi (Samridhi) and Kashi Nandini (Nandini), to decipher the intraspecific variations in defence mechanism considering the current scenario of rapid anthropogenic activities leading to increase in rain acidity. The pea cultivars were subjected to SAR of pH 7 (Control), 5.

Divergent responses of ascorbate and glutathione pools in ozone-sensitive and ozone-tolerant wheat cultivars under elevated ozone and carbon dioxide interaction.

Crop plants face complex tropospheric ozone (O) stress, emphasizing the need for a food security-focused management strategy. While research extensively explores O's harmful effects, this study delves into the combined impacts of O and CO. This study investigates the contrasting responses of O-sensitive (PBW-550) and O-resistant (HUW-55) wheat cultivars, towards elevated ozone (eO) and elevated carbon dioxide (eCO), both individually and in combination.

Growth, ultrastructural and physiological characteristics of cytotypes under elevated ozone stress: a study on ploidy-specific responses.

Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is a significant abiotic stressor whose rising concentration negatively influences plant growth. Studies related to the differential response of Abelmoschus cytotypes to elevated O3 treatment are scarce and need further exploration to recognise the role of polyploidisation in stress tolerance. In this study, we analysed the changes in growth pattern, ultrastructure, physiology and foliar protein profile occurring under O3 stress in Abelmoschus moschatus (monoploid), Abelmoschus esculentus (diploid) and Abelmoschus caillei (triploid).

Assessment of herbaceous community structure for identifying metal-tolerant species at different land uses in and around Varanasi city.

Plant community structure under different land uses provides an important understanding of vegetation dynamics to safeguard future restoration programmes and balance ecosystem services. Therefore, this study was carried out to estimate the alterations in soil properties and contamination by potentially toxic metals at different land uses (industrial, brick kiln, highway, and residential areas) compared to the reference (botanical garden area) site coupled with their subsequent influence on herbaceous community structure, bioconcentration, translocation, and extraction amount of metals in different plant species. Most of the total and phytoavailable metals (Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, and Zn) were higher at the contaminated sites compared to the reference site.

Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update.

Tropospheric ozone (O) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge.

Assessment of the differential trade-off between growth, subsistence, and productivity of two popular Indian hybrid mango varieties under elevated ozone exposure.

The multifunctionality of plants is well known to be compromised in the areas experiencing higher concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O). Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivation is essential to the economy of tropical regions, including India.

Effect of elevated ozone on the antioxidant response, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in three species of Abelmoschus having different ploidy levels.

The majority of polyploids can withstand many stresses better than their monoploid counterparts; however, there is no proven mechanism that can fully explain the level of tolerance at the biochemical and molecular levels. Here, we make an effort to provide an explanation for this intriguing but perplexing issue using the antioxidant responses, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in relation to ploidy level under the elevated level of ozone in Abelmoschus cytotypes. The outcome of this study inferred that the elevated ozone causes an increase in reactive oxygen species leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and DNA de-methylation in all the Abelmoschus cytotypes.

Ultraviolet-B and Heavy Metal-Induced Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants: A Review.

Despite a rich history and economic importance, the potential of medicinal plants has not been fully explored under different abiotic stress conditions. Penetration of UV-B radiation and contamination of heavy metals are two important environmental stress for plants with remarkable influence on the defense-related and pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. UV-B and heavy metal contamination may become a critical issue that either positively or negatively affects the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites.

Effect of carbon quantum dots derived from extracts of UV-B-exposed Eclipta alba on alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis in Golden Hamster.

The Eclipta alba plant is considered hepatoprotective, owing to its phytoconstituents wedelolactone. In the current study, effect of elevated ultraviolet-B (eUV-B) radiation was investigated on biochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidative enzymatic activities of E. alba (Bhringraj) plant.

Global Trends of Acidity in Rainfall and Its Impact on Plants and Soil.

Due to its deleterious and large-scale effects on the ecosystem and long-range transboundary nature, acid rain has attracted the attention of scientists and policymakers. Acid rain (AR) is a prominent environmental issue that has emerged in the last hundred years. AR refers to any form of precipitation leading to a reduction in pH to less than 5.

Sensitivity of agricultural crops to tropospheric ozone: a review of Indian researches.

Tropospheric ozone (O) is a long-range transboundary secondary air pollutant, causing significant damage to agricultural crops worldwide. There are substantial spatial variations in O concentration in different areas of India due to seasonal and geographical variations. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region is one of the most crop productive and air-polluted regions in India.

Individual and combined effects of chromium and ultraviolet-B radiation on defense system, ultrastructural changes, and production of secondary metabolite psoralen in a medicinal plant Psoralea corylifolia L.

The present study focuses on the effects of individual and combined stress of chromium (Cr) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on Psoralea corylifolia L. The experiment comprised four sets: (i) control, (ii) eUV-B (elevated UV-B i.e.

Implications of Foliar Particulate Matter Deposition on the Physiology and Nutrient Allocation of Dominant Perennial Species of the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

The ramifications of different concentrations of foliar particulate matter on the physiology, nutrient stoichiometry, allocation pattern, and their corresponding re-translocation rates were investigated for evergreen ( and ), semi-evergreen ( and ), and deciduous () tree species in a simulation experiment over an exposure period of 2 years. Physiological parameters (P, g, Ci, E, and WUE), nutrient stoichiometry (C: N) in different plant parts, and their allocation pattern for five macro- (C, N, K, Mg, Ca) and five (Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu, Fe) micro-elements at two different concentrations of particulate matter (ambient and elevated) with respect to control (no particulate load) were assessed. Significant differences in nutrient concentrations and their re-translocation rates were observed between the treatments in evergreen species compared to deciduous species.

Photosynthetic, Biochemical and Secondary Metabolite Changes in a Medicinal Plant Chlorophytum borivillianum (Safed musli) against Low and High Doses of UV-B Radiation.

Plants are inevitably grown in presence of sunlight, therefore bound to be exposed to natural UV-B radiation. Several studies have already been conducted with UV-B and medicinal plants and only few studies showed dose dependent variation. The present study aims to find out the variations and adaptation in Chlorophytum borivillianum under two different doses of UV-B radiation; ambient + low (3.

Dose differentiation in elevated UV-B manifests variable response of carbon-nitrogen content with changes in secondary metabolites of Curcuma caesia Roxb.

Despite acting as environmental stress, UV-B also plays a regulatory role in the plant's growth and secondary metabolism. UV-B-induced changes show variations between and among the species. The present study mainly focuses on variations in carbon and nitrogen contents and their relation with the phytochemical constituents of Curcuma caesia exposed to two different doses of UV-B (ambient ± elevated UV-B for 1 h (2.

Improvements in Soil Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties at Natural Saline and Non-Saline Sites Under Different Management Practices.

Soil salinity is known to be a significant threat to food security for the increasing population, which is further aggravated under the climate change scenario. Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) is one of the most productive in the world and is most affected by salinity. To understand the modifications in soil characteristics under different management practices followed to reclaim salinity affected land, the present study was conducted at variously reclaimed saline areas of three districts of Uttar Pradesh situated in IGP.

Assessment of physiological, biochemical and yield responses of wheat plants under natural saline and non-saline field conditions.

Soil salinity is a major threat to crop productivity all over the world including the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) region of India. Therefore, a field study was conducted for two consecutive years in wheat growing areas in IGP affected by salinity. Plants grown at a saline site (Salempur, SLM) and a non-saline site (Rajatalab, RJT), were analysed for selected biochemical, physiological and yield traits.

An assessment of dose-dependent UV-B sensitivity in Eclipta alba: Biochemical traits, antioxidative properties, and wedelolactone yield.

The UV-B-induced signals play a crucial role in improving the analeptic values of medicinally important plants. Eclipta alba L. (Hassak), commonly known as False Daisy, holds supreme stature with its pharmaceutical association in treating various ailments, particularly in Ayurvedic medicine.

Salinity alleviates the toxicity level of ozone in a halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Ice plant) is an annual halophytic plant species spread in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Information about the behaviour of halophytes under the future concentration of ozone (O) is scanty. Therefore, we have assessed the effects of elevated O (ambient + 20 ppb), moderate salinity (200 mM NaCl), and their combined treatment (salinity + elevated O) on various morphological, growth, physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters of Egyptian ice plant.

The impact of elevated ozone on growth, secondary metabolites, production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant response in an anti-diabetic plant Costus pictus.

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a global air pollutant that causes deleterious effect to the plants. The present objective was to investigate the growth response, foliar injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and metabolites production in Costus pictus D. Don (insulin plant) at two developmental stages under ambient O3 (AO) and ambient + 20 ppb O3 (EO) using the open-top chambers (OTCs).

Ultraviolet-B mediated biochemical and metabolic responses of a medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica Nees. at different growth stages.

In the present study, the effects of elevated UV-B (eUVB; ambient ± 7.2 kJ m day) were evaluated on the biochemical and metabolic profile of Adhatoda vasica Nees. (an indigenous medicinal plant) at different growth stages.