Exogenous superoxide mediates pro-oxidative, proinflammatory, and procoagulatory changes in primary endothelial cell cultures.

Endothelial dysfunction/activation underlies the development of long-term cardiovascular complications and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine a direct role for exogenous sublethal flux of superoxide on endothelial cell dysfunction. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to superoxide generated by 0.