A longitudinal assessment of sex differences in the growth of the mandibular retromolar space.

Objective: To assess longitudinal variation in patterns of retromolar space growth, with regard to sex and cervical vertebrae maturation.

Design: We utilized serial lateral cephalograms from three craniofacial growth studies (Denver, Iowa, Oregon), measuring retromolar space and cervical vertebrae maturation in 99 subjects (56% male) from 8 to 18 years of age for each subject. Repeated measures ANOVA and a linear mixed effects model were used to assess retromolar space growth through time.

Parenteral Nutrition Prescribing and Order Review Safety Study: The Need for Pharmacist Intervention.

Introduction: Errors have been reported in the literature to occur at each step of the parenteral nutrition (PN) use process, necessitating standardized processes, clinician competence, and open communication for those involved. This study was performed at Central Admixture Pharmacy Services (CAPS®) in collaboration with the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) with the purpose to study the need for and success of PN pharmacist interventions.

Methods: A survey was developed and sent to all CAPS customers for study enrollment and to identify their demographic and practice characteristics.

When Is Parenteral Nutrition Appropriate?

Parenteral nutrition (PN) represents one of the most notable achievements of modern medicine, serving as a therapeutic modality for all age groups across the healthcare continuum. PN offers a life-sustaining option when intestinal failure prevents adequate oral or enteral nutrition. However, providing nutrients by vein is an expensive form of nutrition support, and serious adverse events can occur.

Standardized Competencies for Parenteral Nutrition Order Review and Parenteral Nutrition Preparation, Including Compounding: The ASPEN Model.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a high-alert medication with a complex drug use process. Key steps in the process include the review of each PN prescription followed by the preparation of the formulation. The preparation step includes compounding the PN or activating a standardized commercially available PN product.

A.S.P.E.N. Standards for Nutrition Support: Home and Alternate Site Care.

The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.

Pharmacist specialty certification.

Nutrition support is a pharmacy specialty in which pharmacists work with prescribers, conduct order review, and either perform or oversee compounding of these complex parenteral nutrition formulations. Pharmacists should be certified in this specialty, and the options for certification are outlined in this article.