Whole-genome sequence and annotation of subsp. strain QazSL-4.

Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of subsp. strain QazSL-4 isolated from a chicken fillet in 2018, Almaty, Kazakhstan. The genome obtained using Illumina MiSeq technology consists of 49 contigs with a total length of 4,711,816 bp with a GC content of 52.

Inequalities in education and national income are associated with poorer diet: Pooled analysis of individual participant data across 12 European countries.

Background: Malnutrition linked to noncommunicable diseases presents major health problems across Europe. The World Health Organisation encourages countries to conduct national dietary surveys to obtain data to inform public health policies designed to prevent noncommunicable diseases.

Methods: Data on 27334 participants aged 19-64y were harmonised and pooled across national dietary survey datasets from 12 countries across the WHO European Region.

[A comparative analysis of actual nutrition of children aged 9-10 years].

Aim of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of actual nutrition of children aged 9-10 years with different nutritional status, to asses relationships between Energy Value (EV) of diet, BMI and diet composition. The study covers two groups of children residing in Almaty - 80 children aged 9-10 years with obesity (40 boys and 40 girls) and 80 normal-weight children (40 boys and 40 girls). To determine the nutritional status of the children, diagnostic criteria such as BMI-for-Age Z-score tables of WHO growth standards have been used.

Predictors of developmental status in young children living in institutional care in Kazakhstan.

The main objective of this study was to assess the developmental status of children living in the severely adverse environment of institutional care and the examination of risk factors with regard to developmental status, including degree of stunting and emotional-behavioral and anemia status. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were used to assess development status in 103 children aged 14.9 months (SD = 6.

[The prevalence of anemia among children and women of reproductive age in Kazakhstan and basis of its prevention].

Results of the study on the prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age and children, residing in the various regions of Kazakhstan, are presented in the article. Representational sampling which takes into account the divisional principle of medical service of children population in each of the 14th areas, Astana and Almaty cities has been implemented. Research involved participation of 1303 women at the age of 15-49 years, and of 1318 children, 353 (26.

Puberty in modernizing Kazakhstan: a comparison of rural and urban children.

Background: Data on puberty development are available for several countries but not for Central Asia.

Aim: Using data collected during the Kazakhstan Health and Nutrition Survey (KHA-ES), we evaluated the relationship between the living environment (rural vs. urban), ethnicity (Russians vs.

Spirometric reference values for children and adolescents from Kazakhstan.

Background: Spirometric parameters are influenced by several factors and many reference data are available in the literature. However, no spirometric data are available for children and adolescents from Central Asia.

Aim: The study aimed to calculate spirometric reference curves on the basis of anthropometry, ethnicity (Kazakh vs.

Prevalence of overweight and cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban children from Central Asia: the Kazakhstan health and nutrition examination survey.

Kazakhstan is undergoing a rapid modernization process, which carries the risk of an epidemic of obesity and cardiovascular disease. We enrolled a sample of about 50 children for every combination of gender, environment (urban vs. rural), ethnic group (Kazakh vs.

Anemia prevention and control in four central Asian republics and Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan and the central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have developed anemia prevention and control (APC) policies based on multiple interventions, including education and promotion, oral supplementation of high risk groups and fortification of wheat flour with iron and other micronutrients. These national strategies are aimed at reducing the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among young children and women of child-bearing age. Strategy development has been assisted by funding and technical assistance from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) with additional technical support from the International Nutrition Foundation, the United Nations University and various national institutions.

Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakstan: high levels of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in agricultural villages of southern Kazakstan.

To assess levels of chlorinated contaminants in breast milk, we measured organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk samples collected in 1994 according to the World Health Organization protocol from 92 donors that were representative of regional populations in southern Kazakstan. High levels (10-120 pg/g fat) of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic of the PCDD/PCDF congeners, were found in breast milk samples from an agricultural region. TCDD was the major contributor (75%) to the international toxicity equivalents of these samples.

Breast milk contamination in Kazakhstan: implications for infant feeding.

To assist the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan in making infant feeding recommendations, breast milk samples were analyzed for PCDDs/PCDFs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, toxic metals, and cesium-137. Sampling sites were selected to provide a profile of representative exposures to possible contaminants; 92 breastmilk samples from 7 sites were analyzed for chlorinated contaminants and 115 samples from 8 sites were analyzed for toxic metals and cesium-137. With three important exceptions, concentrations of chlorinated contaminants and toxic metals were similar to or lower than those in Europe.

Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakstan: PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in southern Kazakstan.

Organochlorine pesticides (OC) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in samples of breast milk taken from 92 donors representative of regional populations in southern Kazakstan. The World Health Organization protocol for assessing levels of chlorinated contaminants in breast milk was followed. The most prevalent OC residues were beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, hexachlorobenzene, and alpha-HCH.

[Nutritional status of early age children in Kazakhstan].

An assessment of nutritional status children under 3-years old was given, which conducted within Kazakstan Dimography Health Survey, 1995. 717 children under 3 years old were examined, including Kazak--421, Russian--161 and other ethnicities--135. An assessment of nutritional status was conducted by the anthropometric indices: Height/Age, Weight/Height, Weight/Age.

Health care in Kazakstan.

Faced with major economic difficulties in the wake of political upheaval, Kazakstan is striving to strengthen its health care system, not only materially but also through the adoption of enlightened approaches by professionals and of beneficial lifestyles by the public at large.

[External secretion of the liver in enteral and intragastric tube feeding].

Hepatic external secretion and main lipid components of the bile and serum were studied under a long-term intragastric and enteral tube feeding using improved surgical and technical methods, Inritan and Peptisorb mixtures. It is shown that food entering the stomach directly does not affect hepatic excretion, while enteral 2-week feeding, especially with hydrolyzed products, deranged secretory mechanisms which entails unbalance in the main bile components and defective lipid metabolism.

[Induction of monooxygenase system and incorporation of radioactivity from 2-14C-lysine into proteins of rat liver microsomes under the action of phenobarbital and the background of lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamin A, C and E deficiencies].

The effect of diet on induction of monooxygenases and distribution of radioactivity from 2-14-C-lysine in fractions of liver homogenate, muscle homogenate and blood of male rats treated with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, three days) was studied. 2-14-C-lysine was injected intraperitoneally 24 h before the first injection of phenobarbital. It was demonstrated that monooxygenase induction, increase of relative liver weight and incorporation of radioactivity from 2-14-C-lysine into fractions of liver homogenate in phenobarbital-treated rats fed diet deficient in lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, C and E were more pronounced as compared with the similarly treated rats which were fed a balanced diet.

[The induction of the monooxygenase system and the incorporation of the radioactive label from 2-14C-lysine into the liver microsome fraction of rats exposed to phenobarbital against a background of deficiencies in lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, C and E].

The effect of diet on induction of monooxygenases and distribution of label from 2-14C-lysine in fractions of liver homogenate, muscle homogenate and blood of male rats treated with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, three days) was studied. 2-14C-lysine was injected intraperitoneally 24 h before the first injection of phenobarbital. It was demonstrated that monoxygenase induction, increase of relative liver weight and incorporation of label from 2-14C-lysine into fractions of liver homogenate in phenobarbital-treated rats were more pronounced as compared with the similarly treated rats that were fed a balanced diet.

[Liver microsome monooxygenase activity in rats under the effects of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and different nutrition background].

The influence of acute and chronic intoxication with a mixture of lindane and trichlorometaphos-3 on monooxygenases of rat liver was studied in rats insufficiently provided with lysine and vitamins A, C and E. It has been found that in the presence of poly-nutrient insufficiency monooxygenase induction develops more rapidly and to a greater extent than in the presence of balanced nutrition. Chronic intoxication with the pesticide mixture leads to monooxygenase system induction under both regimens of nutrition.

[Clinico-biochemical evaluation of the effectiveness of diet therapy in gastroenterologic patients].

Dissimilar immunochemical, protein and vitamin parameters were found in blood of patients with gastroenterological diseases at the initial step of impairments under conditions of routine and special diets. Specific alterations in content of transferrin, haptoglobin, tocopherol as well as in glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities showed that compensatory mechanisms were maintained better under conditions of the special diet therapy.

[The use of a soy protein isolate in the diet therapy of patients with alimentary obesity].

Patients with alimentary obesity received a diet with 1/3 amount of protein substituted for soya protein isolate, daily, during 4 weeks. The influence of the dietotherapeutic course on protein, lipid metabolism, on bile acid and lipid composition of bile and on the immunologic state of the patients was studied. Blood and bile lipid content and the fraction of cholesterol esters were studied by thin-layer chromatography, lipid composition by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, protein fractions by paper electrophoresis; the immunologic state was studied by the blast-transformation test and immunoglobulin assay.

[Characteristics of maternal and child nutrition in relation to infant mortality in Kazakh SSR].

Studies of actual nutrition patterns of women in pregnancy and lactation living in Kazakhstan regions with highest infant mortality rates showed significant deficiency of animal proteins, essential amino acids, and vitamins A, E and C. The prevalence of anemias amounted to 40-90% and that of hypogalactia to 32%. At the same time, the breast milk was found to have reduced protein and fat content at its high carbophos contamination.

[Nutrition and health in relation to ecology].

The ecological situation in the recent 20 years in the Kazakh SSR occupying one sixth of the USSR territory is analysed. The analysis shows a 3-29-fold rise in total morbidity for various infectious and somatic diseases associated with the drastic worsening of the ecological situation in the Aral Sea region; childhood and maternal mortality rates have significantly increased. Investigations made at the Institute for Regional Nutritional Problems of the USSR AMS have shown that pesticides, excessive mineral fertilisers, and various microorganisms and their metabolites (toxins) are priority food product pollutants for all Kazakhstan regions.

[Effect of various dietary proteins on the processes of lipid transport in the blood serum].

The influence of isocaloric semi-synthetic rations with varying protein components (casein, wheat gluten, isolates of cotton, soybean and rice proteins) on lipid transport processes in the blood serum was studied in experiments on made August rats. It has been shown that the alimentary proteins studied affect blood serum lipids and lipoproteins by altering lypolysis activity in the serum, by modifying the hepatic production of high-density lipoproteins and their free cholesterol, by disturbance of low-density lipoprotein degradation. The rest mechanisms regulating lipid transport in the blood serum are changed insignificantly.