A rare case of non-functional Paraganglioma of urinary bladder with No LUTS.

Paraganglioma originates from chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system. Paraganglioma of urinary bladder are very rare tumors that arise from the ganglion cells and usually mistakenly have been diagnosed and treated because of its rarity and diverse symptoms. Here, we present our patient with incidental finding of non-functional paraganglioma of urinary bladder who showed no lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Cost-reduction strategy to culture patient derived bladder tumor organoids.

Organoids as self-organized structure derived from stem cells can recapitulate the function of an organ in miniature form which have developed great potential for clinical translation, drug screening and personalized medicine. Nevertheless, the majority of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are currently being cultured in the basement membrane matrices (BMMs), which are constrained by xenogeneic origin, batch-to-batch variability, cost, and complexity. Besides, organoid culture relies on biochemical signals provided by various growth factors in the composition of medium.

Renal synovial sarcoma: Considerations for radical nephrectomy- a case report and literature review.

Synovial sarcoma, a rare soft tissue malignancy typically arising from synovial tissue, primarily manifests in the extremities but it may uncommonly present in other locations such as kidneys. Primary renal synovial sarcoma is an uncommon sarcoma with high mortality and recurrence rates. Here, we present a teenage boy with primary renal synovial sarcoma who was referred to our institution.

Typhoid and Non-Typhoid Salmonellosis Related Mortality in Iran, National Data from the Ministry of Health.

Background: Despite the declining trend, salmonellosis is still an important preventable cause of death in Iran and the world, especially in certain age and occupational subgroups, and the need for preventive measures, especially raising awareness of at-risk groups, is necessary.

Methods: Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health covering the years 2013 to 2019. The data were then stratified by year, season, month, and province of death as well as sex, age group, belonging to rural vs.

Impaired monocyte-derived dendritic cell phenotype in prostate cancer patients: A phenotypic comparison with healthy donors.

Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in immunity. Research on monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) cancer vaccines is in progress despite limited success in clinical trials. This study focuses on Mo-DCs generated from prostate cancer (PCA) patients, comparing them with DCs from healthy donors (HD-DCs).

A rare case report of muscular metastasis of prostate cancer.

Skeletal muscle metastasis of prostate cancer is a very rare phenomenon that has only been described in limited case reports. In this study, we present a case of neuroendocrine prostate cancer with muscle metastasis, a histological subtype associated with a grim prognosis. This case illustrates the potential efficacy of urgent surgical resection of the metastatic muscle mass, followed by adjuvant radiation therapy, as a suitable management strategy for this condition.

Development of dendritic cell loaded MAGE-A2 long peptide; a potential target for tumor-specific T cell-mediated prostate cancer immunotherapy.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide. Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment modality for cancers that harnesses the immune system's ability to eliminate tumor cells. In particular, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, have demonstrated promise in eliciting a tumor-specific immune response.

A case report of a self-inserted foreign body in the urethra/bladder causing urinary calculus formation, and a review of the literature.

Several self-inserted foreign bodies have been reported in the lower genitourinary system. We report a 27-year-old man with suprapubic severe pain, purulent discharge from the urethra and dribbling. He had a history of psychotic disorders and inserting an ink chamber of a pen into the urethra.

STAT3 signaling in prostate cancer progression and therapy resistance: An oncogenic pathway with diverse functions.

The categorization of cancers demonstrates that prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and it causes high death annually. Prostate cancer patients are diagnosed mainly via biomarkers such as PSA test and patients show poor prognosis. Prostate cancer cells rapidly diffuse into different parts of body and their metastasis is also a reason for death.

Molecular Characteristics of Bladder Tumor: Increased Gene Expression of MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 with Decreased MicroRNA-34a and MicroRNA-125b.

Bladder cancer is recognized as one of the top ten most common cancers worldwide. Activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and dysregulation of androgen signaling pathways are three major pathophysiological causes in the development of bladder tumors. Discovering potential biomarkers is required for the management and immunotherapy of bladder cancer.

The prospect of targeting T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 in renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy.

Despite the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), it remains one of the most deadly urological cancers. At present, using immune checkpoint inhibition and their combination with antiangiogenic therapy is the standard of care in patients with advanced RCC. Unfortunately, a considerable part of tumour-bearing hosts does not benefit from this type of treatment.

Co-expression of cancer-testis antigens of MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 is associated with tumor aggressiveness in patients with bladder cancer.

Melanoma antigen gene (MAGE)-A6 and MAGE-A11 are two of the most cancer-testis antigens overexpressed in various types of cancers. However, the clinical and prognosis value of MAGE-A6 and MAGE-A11 co-expression in the pathophysiology of the bladder is unknown. Three studies were selected from GEO databases in order to introduce the common genes that are involved in bladder cancer.

The effect of Melatonin on Improving the benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Urinary Symptoms, a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Purpose: to investigate the effect of melatonin along with tamsulosin in improving BPH urinary symptoms.

Materials And Methods: A total of 108 men with BPH symptoms, age of ≥ 50 years, and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥ 8 entered into the parallel group randomized, double-blind clinical trial with balanced randomization. The treatment group received of 3mg melatonin plus 0.

The role of nutritional interventions in prostate cancer: A review.

The high prevalence rate in conjunction with the long latency period made prostate cancer (PCa) an attractive and reasonable candidate for preventive measures. So far, several dietary and nutritional interventions have been implemented and studied with the aim of preventing the development or delaying the progression of PCa. Calorie restriction accompanied by weight loss has been shown to be associated with decreased likelihood of aggressive PCa.

Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV.

Virus and host innate immune system interaction plays a significant role in forming the outcome of viral diseases. Host innate immunity initially recognizes the viral invasion and induces a rapid inflammatory response, and this recognition activates signaling cascades that trigger the release of antiviral mediators. This chapter aims to explore the mechanisms by which newly emerged coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activates the host immune system.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of renal parenchyma: Case report and review of literature.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of renal parenchyma is very rare and until now only a few cases have been reported. We report a unique SCC case in terms of aggressive nature and metastatic pattern. Renal rubber consistency and pasty keratin secretions were important findings in our patient.

The Potential of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain Containing-3 (Tim-3) in Designing Novel Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer.

Targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells in the tumor sites can promote effective anti-tumor immunity in bladder cancer. Unfortunately, the main dilemma is that a large number of patients remain refractory to CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 blockade therapies. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells and innate immune cells.

Supplementation with vitamin D and insulin homeostasis in healthy overweight and obese adults: A randomized clinical trial.

Introduction: Hypovitaminosis D which is a frequent problem in overweight and obese individuals, seems to interfere with cells responsible for control of glycemic status. Therefore, the current research intended to study the impact of supplementation with vitamin D on insulin homeostasis among healthy obese and overweight individuals.

Methods: The current study was conducted among obese or overweight individuals who had hypovitaminosis D.

Reduced cytoplasmic expression of MAGE-A2 predicts tumor aggressiveness and survival: an immunohistochemical analysis.

Background: Melanoma antigen gene A2 (MAGE-A2) is one of the most cancer-testis antigens overexpressed in various types of cancers. Silencing the MAGE-A2 expression inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and increased the chemosensitivity. However, the expression pattern of MAGE-A2 in PCa tissue samples and its prognostic and therapeutic values for PCa patients is still unclear.

Global systematic review of primary immunodeficiency registries.

Introduction: During the last 4 decades, registration of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) has played an essential role in different aspects of these diseases worldwide including epidemiological indexes, policymaking, quality controls of care/life, facilitation of genetic studies and clinical trials as well as improving our understanding about the natural history of the disease and the immune system function. However, due to the limitation of sustainable resources supporting these registries, inconsistency in diagnostic criteria and lack of molecular diagnosis as well as difficulties in the documentation and designing any universal platform, the global perspective of these diseases remains unclear.

Areas Covered: Published and unpublished studies from January 1981 to June 2020 were systematically reviewed on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus.

Interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in Common Variable Immunodeficiency and their association with subtypes of B cells and response to the Pneumovax-23 vaccine.

Introduction: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic form of primary immunodeficiencies. Current research data show altered B cells, TLRs, and cytokine profile in CVID patients. The aim of this study was to determine levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in CVID patients in response to TLRs stimulation and the association of these cytokines with subtypes of B cells and response to Pneumovax-23 vaccination.

Influence of β-D-mannuronic Acid, as a New Member of Non-steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs Family, on the Expression Pattern of Chemokines and their Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: Based on the encouraging results of phase III clinical trial of β-Dmannuronic acid (M2000) (as a new anti-inflammatory drug) in patients with RA, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of this drug on the expression of chemokines and their receptors in PBMCs of RA patients.

Methods: PBMCs of RA patients and healthy controls were separated and the patients' cells were treated with low, moderate and high doses (5, 25 and 50 μg/mL) of M2000 and optimum dose (1 μg/mL) of diclofenac, as a control in RPMI-1640 medium. Real-time PCR was used for evaluating the mRNA expression of CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5 and CCL2/MCP-1.

A review on the role of M2 macrophages in bladder cancer; pathophysiology and targeting.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which are often referred to as immunosuppressive cells (M2 macrophage), constitute a subset of tumor microenvironment cells and affect tumor progression in solid tumors. Recently, these cells have gained remarkable importance as therapeutic candidates for solid tumors. In bladder cancer, major studies have focused on evaluating TAMs in response to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy.