Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves.

The fresh leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. have been traditionally consumed for centuries in Southeast Asia for its healing properties.

Proteomic analysis reveals brain Rab35 as a potential biomarker of mitragynine withdrawal in rats.

Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, has been used for mitigating the severity of opioid withdrawal in humans. Its main indole alkaloid, mitragynine, has been considered as a pharmacotherapy for pain conditions and opioid replacement therapy. However, at high doses, chronic mitragynine may also have an addiction potential.

The effects of chronic mitragynine (Kratom) exposure on the EEG in rats.

Mitragynine is the main alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Korth (Kratom). Kratom has been widely used to relieve pain and opioid withdrawal symptoms in humans but may also cause memory deficits. Here we investigated the changes in brain electroencephalogram (EEG) activity after acute and chronic exposure to mitragynine in freely moving rats.

Formulation and evaluation of wound healing activity of Elaeis guineensis Jacq leaves in a Staphylococcus aureus infected Sprague Dawley rat model.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Medicinal plants are crucial to healing numerous illnesses. Elaeis guineensis Jacq (family Arecaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of wounds.

Aim Of The Study: However, there are no scientific reports documented on the wound healing activities of this plant against Staphylococcus aureus infections in the Sprague Dawley male rat model.

Kratom and Pain Tolerance: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study.

: Kratom has a long history of traditional medicine use in Southeast Asia. Consumption of kratom products has also been reported in the US and other regions of the world. Pain relief is among many self-reported kratom effects but have not been evaluated in controlled human subject research.

Mitragynine Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal Effects in Rats-A Comparison With Methadone and Buprenorphine.

Background: Opiate addiction is a major health problem in many countries. A crucial component of the medical treatment is the management of highly aversive opiate withdrawal signs, which may otherwise lead to resumption of drug taking. In a medication-assisted treatment (MAT), methadone and buprenorphine have been implemented as substitution drugs.

Development of an ELISA for detection of mitragynine and its metabolites in human urine.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of mitragynine, other closely related Kratom alkaloids and metabolites was developed using polyclonal antibodies. Mitragynine was conjugated to a carrier protein, cationized-bovine serum albumin using Mannich reaction. The synthesized antigen was injected into rabbits to elicit specific polyclonal antibodies against mitragynine.

Assessing physiological dependence and withdrawal potential of mitragynine using schedule-controlled behaviour in rats.

Rationale: Kratom is proposed to exhibit therapeutic potential as an opium substitute, but little is known about its dependence-producing profile, particularly of its main psychoactive compound, mitragynine (MG).

Objectives: This study examined the dependence-producing effects of MG using operant-scheduled behaviour in rats and investigated the potential therapeutic effect of MG by comparing effects to buprenorphine in morphine-dependent rats using the same schedule-controlled behavioural task.

Methods: The effects of acutely administered MG and morphine were determined in rats trained to respond under fixed-ratio (FR) 10 schedule of food reinforcement.

Long-Term Cognitive Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Use.

Kratom or Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) is a medicinal plant of Southeast Asia. As a result of its opioid-like effects, it remains unknown whether consumption of kratom tea is associated with impaired cognitive function.

Metabolomics data of leaf using LC-ESI-TOF-MS.

is a psychoactive plant known as "ketum" in Malaysia and "kratom" in Thailand. This plant is distinctly known to produce two important alkaloids, namely mitragynine (MG) and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH-MG) that can bind to opioid receptors [1]. MG was reported to exhibit antidepressant properties in animal studies [2].

Intestinal permeability of mitragynine in rats using in situ absorption model.

The intestinal permeability of mitragynine was investigated in situ using a single pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) absorption model, in small intestine of rat using mitragynine in the absence/presence of the permeability markers, P-gp and/or CYP3A4 inhibitors. Mitragynine demonstrated high intestinal permeability (P of 1.11 × 10 cm/s) that is in the range of highly permeable drugs such as propranolol (P of 1.

Assessment of gonadotropins and testosterone hormone levels in regular Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) users.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) also known as kratom, is a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia with opioid-like effects. Kratom tea/juice have been traditionally used as a folk remedy and for controlling opiate withdrawal in Malaysia.

Baclofen blocks the acquisition and expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

Mitragynine is the major alkaloid found in the leaves of M. speciosa Korth (Rubiaceae), a plant that is native to Southeast Asia. This compound has been used, either traditionally or recreationally, due to its psychostimulant and opioid-like effects.

Method validation in quantitative analysis of phase I and phase II metabolites of mitragynine in human urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A method using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantitatively detect mitragynine, 16-carboxy mitragynine, and 9-O-demethyl mitragynine in human urine samples was developed and validated. The relevant metabolites were identified using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ionization mode using nalorphine as an internal standard. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, recovery, linearity, and lower limit of quantitation.

Evaluating the hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) from the Rubiaceae family is an indigenous tropical medicinal tree of Southeast Asia. Kratom leaves have been used for decades in Malaysia and Thailand in traditional context for its perceived vast medicinal value, and as a mild stimulant among manual labourers.

Opioid receptors mediate the acquisition, but not the expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.

Mitragynine is the main psychoactive ingredient of the herbal drug preparation Kratom (Ketum), derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa. Kratom is a widely abused drug in Southeast Asian and has a psychostimulant profile at low-medium doses, while high doses have opioidergic effects. Mitragynine was shown to possess opiate receptor affinity.

Assembly of ligands interaction models for glutathione-S-transferases from Plasmodium falciparum, human and mouse using enzyme kinetics and molecular docking.

Background: Glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that principally catalyze the conjugation of electrophilic compounds to the endogenous nucleophilic glutathione substrate, besides, they have other non-catalytic functions. The Plasmodium falciparum genome encodes a single isoform of GST (PfGST) which is involved in buffering the toxic heme, thus considered a potential anti-malarial target. In mammals several classes of GSTs are available, each of various isoforms.

Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine.

Kratom or its main alkaloid, mitragynine is derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth which is indigenous to Southeast Asian countries. This substance has become widely available in other countries like Europe and United States due to its opium- and coca-like effects. In this article, we have reviewed available reports on mitragynine and other M.

Behavioural and Electrophysiological Evidence of Impaired Learning and Memory in Male Sprague Dawley Rats following Subchronic Exposure to Standardised Methanolic Extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth.

Background: Mitragyna speciosa (MS) or ketum is primarily found in Southeast Asia, particularly in northern Malaysia and Thailand. The medicinal value of this plant has attracted significant attention from both herbal medicine practitioners and scientists worldwide. Despite having illegal consumption status, the plant merits study.

Chronic mitragynine (kratom) enhances punishment resistance in natural reward seeking and impairs place learning in mice.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a widely abused herbal drug preparation in Southeast Asia. It is often consumed as a substitute for heroin, but imposing itself unknown harms and addictive burdens. Mitragynine is the major psychostimulant constituent of kratom that has recently been reported to induce morphine-like behavioural and cognitive effects in rodents.

Subchronic toxicity study of standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Mitragyna speciosa Korth, or better known as ketum, has long been used by traditional folk around Southeast Asia to prevent fatigue from working under hot tropical weather and as a replacement of opium, which can then cause addiction. To date, no findings have been reported of the toxic effect of ketum subchronically (28 days). Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of subchronic effect of standardized methanolic extract of ketum (SMEMS) in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Social Functioning of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Users in Malaysia.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is an indigenous plant known for its traditional medicinal use, and for its addiction potential, in Southeast Asia. In recent years, kratom and its major alkaloid, mitragynine, spread worldwide with largely unknown effects on behavior and mental health. Recent studies show that kratom use can lead to dependence and that mitragynine works as an addictive drug in animal studies.

5-Methoxytryptamine reacts with natural food flavour to produce 6-methoxy tetrahydro-β-carbolines: in vitro investigation of their antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties.

Various 6-methoxytetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives, namely BEN (6-methoxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), ANI (6-methoxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), ACE (6-methoxy-1-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) and VAN (2-methoxy-4-(6-methoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-l)phenol), were prepared via the Maillard reaction using food flavours and 5-methoxytryptamine in aqueous medium and were investigated for their in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. These derivatives were found to exhibit moderate antioxidant properties, based on a combination of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The results suggested that the Maillard reaction could be used to generate β-carboline antioxidants.

Understanding the physicochemical properties of mitragynine, a principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, for preclinical evaluation.

Varied pharmacological responses have been reported for mitragynine in the literature, but no supportive scientific explanations have been given for this. These studies have been undertaken without a sufficient understanding of the physicochemical properties of mitragynine. In this work a UV spectrophotometer approach and HPLC-UV method were employed to ascertain the physicochemical properties of mitragynine.