Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptor and HER2 expression in breast carcinomas: comparison of cell block and tissue block preparations.

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a rapid tool for detection of breast carcinomas. Evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) and HER2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) are routinely performed in breast carcinomas. Formalin fixation of tissue for a minimum of 6 hours, and for HER2 not more than 48 hours is the current recommended practice.

Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a patient with undiagnosed AIDS.

Approximately 60% of deaths in patients with AIDS are a direct result of infection other than HIV. The more severe and life-threatening complications of HIV infection occur in patients with a CD4(+) T cell count <200 cells/μL. In the absence of effective retroviral therapy, these infections are associated with a high mortality.

JC virus infection in colorectal neoplasia that develops after liver transplantation.

Purpose: Liver transplant recepients (LTRs) have an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia. The mechanism responsible for this is unknown. JCV encodes for TAg and has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis.