Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and in vivo toxicity of 7-nitroindazole loaded in pegylated and non-pegylated nanoemulsions in rats.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The development of sepsis is associated with excessive nitric oxide (NO) production, which plays an important role in controlling vascular homeostasis. 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) is a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1) with potential application for treating NO imbalance conditions.

Grape Seed Components as Protectors of Inflammation, DNA Damage, and Cancer.

Purpose Of Review: Oxidative stress is related to the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory processes. Free radicals excess increase not only oxidative stress but also genomic instability. Polyphenols are non-enzymatic antioxidants that act as a defense barrier against free radicals and non-radical oxidants.

DNA damage analysis in newborns and their mothers related to pregnancy and delivery characteristics.

Introduction: Increased DNA damage is associated with early events in carcinogenesis. The foetus may be more susceptible to effects of environment by transplacental exposure. We aimed to evaluate DNA damage in cells from umbilical cord (arteries and vein) and maternal blood from pregnant women.

DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in children with celiac disease.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of genomic instability in patients with celiac disease and to establish a relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in these patients. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide (NOx), thiobarbituric acid, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and DNA damage were evaluated in peripheral blood samples from 47 celiac disease patients and 31 controls. Patients with celiac disease presented higher levels of DNA damage in comparison to controls (p=0.

DNA damage and repair in individuals with ataxia-telangiectasia and their parents.

Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (AT) is a multisystem, complex and rare disease inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Homozygous individuals have a variety of pathological manifestations, however, heterozygotes only present a higher risk of developing cancer. We evaluated the background levels of DNA damage (basal damage) and cell response to bleomycin or ionizing radiation using Comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test in individuals with AT, their parents and controls.

Occupational and life-style factors-acquired mutagenicity in agric-workers of northeastern Brazil.

Pesticides are a complex mixture of chemicals used to protect crops from a number of pests and diseases. They have been considered as potential mutagenic agents. This study aims at evaluation of the mutagenic effect of pesticide exposure to agricultural workers through chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes and oral mucosal cells, respectively.

DNA damage response in patients with pediatric Acute Lymphoid Leukemia during induction therapy.

Predicting the individual response to chemotherapy is a crucial challenge in cancer treatment. DNA damage caused by antitumor therapies evokes different repair mechanisms responses, such as Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), whose components are being studied as prognosis biomarkers and target therapies. However, few reports have addressed DNA damages in pediatric Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL).

Intellectual Disability in a Birth Cohort: Prevalence, Etiology, and Determinants at the Age of 4 Years.

Background: Intellectual disability (ID), characterized by impairments in intellectual function and adaptive behavior, affects 1-3% of the population. Many studies investigated its etiology, but few are cohort studies in middle-income countries.

Aims: To estimate prevalence, etiology, and factors related to ID among children prospectively followed since birth in a Southern Brazilian city (Pelotas).

Frequencies of polymorphisms of the Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy and Diego systems of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil.

Background: Red blood cell genes are highly polymorphic with the distribution of alleles varying between different populations and ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to investigate gene polymorphisms of blood groups in the state of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil.

Methods: Three hundred and seventy-three unrelated blood donors and 31 transfusion-dependent patients were evaluated to investigate polymorphisms of the Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego blood group systems in a population from the state of Santa Catarina.

Novel synthetic chalcones induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the main and most frequent tumor in adults' central nervous system. With a survival average of 5% two years after diagnosis, this type of cancer is a main health problem. Substances like the chalcones have been tested in order to develop new treatments.

Genomic instability in human lymphocytes from male users of crack cocaine.

Recent research suggests that crack cocaine use alters systemic biochemical markers, like oxidative damage and inflammation markers, but very few studies have assessed the potential effects of crack cocaine at the cellular level. We assessed genome instability by means of the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus technique in crack cocaine users at the time of admission to a rehabilitation clinic and at two times after the beginning of withdrawal. Thirty one active users of crack cocaine and forty control subjects were evaluated.

Genotoxic potential and physicochemical parameters of Sinos River, southern Brazil.

The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and the genotoxic potential of water samples collected in the upper, middle, and lower courses of the Sinos River, southern Brazil. The comet assay was performed in the peripheral blood of fish Hyphessobrycon luetkenii exposed under laboratory conditions to water samples collected in summer and winter in three sampling sites of Sinos River. Water quality analysis demonstrated values above those described in Brazilian legislation in Parobé and Sapucaia do Sul sites, located in the middle and in the lower courses of the Sinos River, respectively.

Vitamin C intake reduces the cytotoxicity associated with hyperglycemia in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Hyperglycemia leads to the formation of free radicals and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Antioxidants can reduce the level of protein glycation and DNA damage. In this study, we compared the levels of vitamin C intake, which is among the most abundant antioxidants obtained from diet, with the levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (A1C), DNA damage, and cytotoxicity in prediabetic subjects and type 2 diabetic subjects.

Chromosome instability and oxidative stress markers in patients with ataxia telangiectasia and their parents.

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Total blood samples were collected from 20 patients with AT, 13 parents of patients, and 17 healthy volunteers. This study aimed at evaluating the frequency of chromosomal breaks in spontaneous cultures, induced by bleomycin and ionizing radiation, and further evaluated the rates of oxidative stress in AT patients and in their parents, compared to a control group.

The influence on DNA damage of glycaemic parameters, oral antidiabetic drugs and polymorphisms of genes involved in the DNA repair system.

The hyperglycaemia seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with increased oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species, both of which are factors that can provoke DNA damage. Notwithstanding, other factors, including medications and individual susceptibility, can also induce this type of DNA lesion. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the influence of glycaemic control, oral antidiabetic drugs (metformin and glibenclamide) and polymorphisms of the XRCC1 and XRCC3 genes on the frequency of DNA damage in DM2 patients, which was accessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome and the comet assays on the ex vivo mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes.

DNA damage and cytotoxicity in adult subjects with prediabetes.

Prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycemia) is a high-risk state for diabetes that is defined by higher than normal glycemic levels that are below the level required for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes is characterized by oxidative stress, yet the associated DNA damage and cytotoxicity remain unknown to date. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between glycemic alterations, DNA damage and cytotoxicity in the lymphocytes of individuals with pre-diabetes.

Genomic instability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on hemodialysis.

Objective: A previous study by our research group evaluated the levels of DNA damage using the comet assay in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The same blood samples were also evaluated using the cytochalasin B micronucleus assay. A comparison of the results of the two assays is presented here.

In vivo genotoxicity of the pyrethroid pesticide beta-cyfluthrin using the comet assay in the fish Bryconamericus iheringii.

Environmental pollution by pesticide residues is a major environmental concern due to the extensive use of these substances in agriculture. The insecticide beta-cyfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid widely used in agricultural and other domestic activities. The aim of the present study was to assess the genotoxic effects of a sublethal exposure of the fish Bryconamericus iheringii (Characidae) to a commercial formulation of beta-cyfluthrin using the comet assay.

A patient presenting a 22q13 deletion associated with an apparently balanced translocation t(16;22): An illustrative case in the investigation of patients with low ARSA activity.

A 10-year-old speechless, mentally deficient male, with low arylsulfatase A (ARSA) activity, and presumably, methachromatic leukodystrophy, underwent genetic evaluation. As the clinical picture was not compatible with this diagnosisan ARSA gene and chromosome analysis were performed, showing the presence of a pseudodeficiency ARSA allele and a de novo apparently balanced t(16;22)(p11.2;q13) translocation.

DNA damage in children and adolescents with cardiovascular disease risk factors.

The risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) is related to lifestyle (e.g. diet, physical activity and smoking) as well as to genetic factors.

Are MPS II heterozygotes actually asymptomatic? A study based on clinical and biochemical data, X-inactivation analysis and imaging evaluations.

For some X-linked disorders the expressivity and penetrance in females are almost similar to those ones found in males. For mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), there are no studies in the literature trying to identify subtle signs and symptoms of this disease in heterozygotes. The objective of this study was to compare heterozygotes and non-heterozygotes for MPS II, in order to test the hypothesis that heterozygotes may present subtle manifestations of the disease.

Iron intake, red cell indicators of iron status, and DNA damage in young subjects.

Objective: This study evaluated the association between primary DNA damage and chromosomal damage with iron intake and red blood cell parameters of iron status in a sample of healthy children and adolescents from a low-socioeconomic community.

Methods: The level of primary DNA damage was assessed using an alkaline comet assay and the level of chromosomal damage was assessed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. A automated complete blood count was used to evaluate red blood cell status.