Identify production area, growth mode, species, and grade of Astragali Radix using metabolomics "big data" and machine learning.

Background: Astragali Radix (AR) is a widely used herbal medicine. The quality of AR is influenced by several key factors, including the production area, growth mode, species, and grade. However, the markers currently used to distinguish these factors primarily focus on secondary metabolites, and their validation on large-scale samples is lacking.