CEA-induced PI3K/AKT pathway activation through the binding of CEA to KRT1 contributes to oxaliplatin resistance in gastric cancer.

Background: The serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has prognostic value in patients with gastric cancer (GC) receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. As the molecular functions of CEA are increasingly uncovered, its role in regulating oxaliplatin resistance in GC attracts attention.

Methods: The survival analysis adopted the KaplanMeier method.

KRAS mutations promote the intratumoral colonization of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis in colorectal cancer through the regulation of the miRNA3655/SURF6/IRF7/IFNβ axis.

KRAS mutations are associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the association between the gut microbiota and CRC has been extensively documented, it is unclear whether KRAS mutations can regulate the gut microbiota. Metagenomics has identified changes in the diversity of the gut microbiota in CRC due to KRAS mutations.

KRAS mutation promotes the colonization of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal cancer by down-regulating SERTAD4.

This study explores and verifies potential molecular targets through which KRAS mutations regulate the colonization of Fusobacterium nucleatum (FN) in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study combined multiple bioinformatics methods and biological assays. Through The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, Human Protein Atlas, immunohistochemistry, and co-culture assays, we further confirmed the differential expression of SERTAD4 in CRC.

Glial cells in the mammalian olfactory bulb.

The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB), an essential part of the olfactory system, plays a critical role in odor detection and neural processing. Historically, research has predominantly focused on the neuronal components of the OB, often overlooking the vital contributions of glial cells. Recent advancements, however, underscore the significant roles that glial cells play within this intricate neural structure.

Efficacy and safety of totally laparoscopic gastrectomy with uncut Roux-en-Y for gastric cancer: a dual-center retrospective study.

Background: Uncut Roux-en-Y (URY) effectively alleviates the prevalent complexities connected with RY, such as Roux-en-Y stasis syndrome (RSS). Nevertheless, for gastric cancer (GC) patients, it is still controversial whether URY has an impact on long-term prognosis and whether it has fewer afferent loop recanalization. Therefore, compare whether URY and RY have differences in prognosis and long-term complications of GC patients undergoing totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG).

Traumatic brain injury-induced inflammatory changes in the olfactory bulb disrupt neuronal networks leading to olfactory dysfunction.

Approximately 20-68% of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients exhibit trauma-associated olfactory deficits (OD) which can compromise not only the quality of life but also cognitive and neuropsychiatric functions. However, few studies to date have examined the impact of experimental TBI on OD. The present study examined inflammation and neuronal dysfunction in the olfactory bulb (OB) and the underlying mechanisms associated with OD in male mice using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model.

Visual analysis of global research on immunotherapy for gastric cancer: A literature mining from 2012 to 2022.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies. Immunotherapy becomes an indispensable part of GC. This study conducts bibliometric analysis of immunotherapy for GC to clarify the research status and identify potential new research directions.

Brain injury accelerates the onset of a reversible age-related microglial phenotype associated with inflammatory neurodegeneration.

Lipofuscin is an autofluorescent (AF) pigment formed by lipids and misfolded proteins, which accumulates in postmitotic cells with advanced age. Here, we immunophenotyped microglia in the brain of old C57BL/6 mice (>18 months old) and demonstrate that in comparison to young mice, one-third of old microglia are AF, characterized by profound changes in lipid and iron content, phagocytic activity, and oxidative stress. Pharmacological depletion of microglia in old mice eliminated the AF microglia following repopulation and reversed microglial dysfunction.

Totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy with Uncut Roux-en-Y for gastric cancer may improve prognosis: A propensity score matching comparative study.

Background: Laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) with Roux-en-Y (RY) is often accompanied by a series of complications. Uncut RY (URY) can effectively reduce Roux stasis syndrome (RSS) in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. To determine whether totally LTG (TLTG) with URY for gastric cancer (GC) can replace RY in short-term and long-term prognosis.

Light Hydrocarbon (C-C) Geochemistry in the Northern Margin of the Qaidam Basin, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Gas Mixing and Hydrocarbon Charge History.

Twenty natural gases from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin were collected and examined for the composition and stable carbon isotopic characteristics of gas and light hydrocarbons (C-C). The results reveal that the carbon isotopes of -alkanes and -alkanes in light hydrocarbons are mainly controlled by the bioprecursors, whereas the carbon isotopes of -alkanes and aromatics in light hydrocarbons are primarily influenced by the bioprecursors and maturity. Based on the genetic types obtained from C-C and C-C fractions, three types of gases are identified: coal-type gas, oil-type gas, and mixed gas.

Adjoint traveltime tomography unravels a scenario of horizontal mantle flow beneath the North China craton.

The North China craton (NCC) was dominated by tectonic extension from late Cretaceous to Cenozoic, yet seismic studies on the relationship between crust extension and lithospheric mantle deformation are scarce. Here we present a three dimensional radially anisotropic model of NCC derived from adjoint traveltime tomography to address this issue. We find a prominent low S-wave velocity anomaly at lithospheric mantle depths beneath the Taihang Mountains, which extends eastward with a gradually decreasing amplitude.

Dopamine Suppresses Synaptic Responses of Fan Cells in the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex to Olfactory Bulb Input in Mice.

The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) is involved in odor discrimination, odor-associative multimodal memory, and neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders. It receives direct axonal projections from both olfactory bulb (OB) output neurons and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. However, the cellular targets in LEC receiving direct synaptic input from OB output neuron, the functional characteristics of these synapses, and whether or how dopamine (DA) modulates the OB-LEC pathway remain undetermined.

CCKergic Tufted Cells Differentially Drive Two Anatomically Segregated Inhibitory Circuits in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb.

Delineation of functional synaptic connections is fundamental to understanding sensory processing. Olfactory signals are synaptically processed initially in the olfactory bulb (OB) where neural circuits are formed among inhibitory interneurons and the output neurons mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). TCs function in parallel with but differently from MCs and are further classified into multiple subpopulations based on their anatomic and functional heterogeneities.

Dopaminergic Modulation of Glomerular Circuits in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb.

Dopaminergic neurons are located in several brain areas including the olfactory bulb (OB) and involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the OB, dopamine (DA) is released exclusively by a population of interneurons termed short axon cells (SACs) in the glomerular layer, the initial synaptic integration site of the whole olfactory system. SACs corelease GABA and extend their processes to many glomeruli forming the interglomerular circuit.

Intracerebroventricular Administration of Neural Stem Cells after Cardiac Arrest.

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a serious disease with high rates of mortality and disability worldwide. Currently, neither pharmacological intervention nor therapeutic hypothermia can reverse the neural injury caused by CA. Neural stem cell therapy is a promising treatment for brain injury.

Reciprocal Inhibitory Glomerular Circuits Contribute to Excitation-Inhibition Balance in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb.

The major inhibitory interneurons in olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli are periglomerular cells (PGCs) and short axon cells (SACs). PGCs and SACs provide feedforward inhibition to all classes of projection neurons, but inhibition between PGCs and SACs is not well understood. We crossed Cre and GFP transgenic mice and used virally-delivered optogenetic constructs to selectively activate either SACs or GAD65cre-ChR2-positive PGCs while recording from identified GAD65cre-ChR2-positive PGCs or SACs, respectively, to investigate inhibitory interactions between these two interneuron types.

Cholecystokinin selectively activates short axon cells to enhance inhibition of olfactory bulb output neurons.

Key Points: Cholecystokinin (CCK) via CCK-B receptors significantly enhances the GABA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition of principal olfactory bulb (OB) output neurons. This CCK action requires action potentials in presynaptic neurons. The enhanced inhibition of OB output neurons is a result of CCK-elevated inhibitory input from the glomerular circuit.

The Interglomerular Circuit Potently Inhibits Olfactory Bulb Output Neurons by Both Direct and Indirect Pathways.

Unlabelled: Sensory processing shapes our perception. In mammals, odor information is encoded by combinatorial activity patterns of olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli. Glomeruli are richly interconnected by short axon cells (SACs), which form the interglomerular circuit (IGC).

Subsecond Regulation of Synaptically Released Dopamine by COMT in the Olfactory Bulb.

Unlabelled: The efficacy of neurotransmission depends on multiple factors, including presynaptic vesicular release of transmitter, postsynaptic receptor populations and clearance/inactivation of the transmitter. In the olfactory bulb (OB), short axon cells (SACs) form an interglomerular circuit that uses GABA and dopamine (DA) as cotransmitters. Selective optical activation of SACs causes GABA and DA co-release, resulting in a fast, postsynaptic GABA inhibitory response and a slower G-protein-coupled DA rebound excitation.

The anti-dementia drug candidate, (-)-clausenamide, improves memory impairment through its multi-target effect.

Multi-target drugs, such as the cocktail therapy used for treating AIDS, often show stronger efficacy than single-target drugs in treating complicated diseases. This review will focus on clausenamide (clau), a small molecule compound originally isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Clausenalansium. The finding of four chiral centers in clau molecules predicted the presence of 16 clau enantiomers, including (-)-clau and (+)-clau.

Muscarinic receptors modulate dendrodendritic inhibitory synapses to sculpt glomerular output.

Cholinergic [acetylcholine (ACh)] axons from the basal forebrain innervate olfactory bulb glomeruli, the initial site of synaptic integration in the olfactory system. Both nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are expressed in glomeruli. The activation of nAChRs directly excites both mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) and external tufted cells (ETCs), the two major excitatory neurons that transmit glomerular output.

Olfactory bulb short axon cell release of GABA and dopamine produces a temporally biphasic inhibition-excitation response in external tufted cells.

Evidence for coexpression of two or more classic neurotransmitters in neurons has increased, but less is known about cotransmission. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons corelease dopamine (DA), the excitatory transmitter glutamate, and the inhibitory transmitter GABA onto target cells in the striatum. Olfactory bulb (OB) short axon cells (SACs) form interglomerular connections and coexpress markers for DA and GABA.

Intraglomerular inhibition shapes the strength and temporal structure of glomerular output.

Odor signals are transmitted to the olfactory bulb by olfactory nerve (ON) synapses onto mitral/tufted cells (MCs) and external tufted cells (ETCs). ETCs, in turn, provide feedforward excitatory input to MCs. MC and ETCs are also regulated by inhibition: intraglomerular and interglomerular inhibitory circuits act at MC and ETC apical dendrites; granule cells (GCs) inhibit MC lateral dendrites via the MC→GC→MC circuit.

Serotonin modulates the population activity profile of olfactory bulb external tufted cells.

Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei constitute one of the most prominent neuromodulatory systems in the brain. Projections from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei provide dense serotonergic innervation of the glomeruli of olfactory bulb. Odor information is initially processed by glomeruli, thus serotonergic modulation of glomerular circuits impacts all subsequent odor coding in the olfactory system.

Intrinsic conductances actively shape excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic responses in olfactory bulb external tufted cells.

The initial synapse in the olfactory system is from olfactory nerve (ON) terminals to postsynaptic targets in olfactory bulb glomeruli. Recent studies have disclosed multiple presynaptic factors that regulate this important linkage, but less is known about the contribution of postsynaptic intrinsic conductances to integration at these synapses. The present study demonstrates voltage-dependent amplification of EPSPs in external tufted (ET) cells in response to monosynaptic (ON) inputs.