Proteomic and microRNA Transcriptome Analysis revealed the microRNA-SmyD1 network regulation in Skeletal Muscle Fibers performance of Chinese perch.

Fish myotomes are comprised of anatomically segregated fast and slow muscle fibers that possess different metabolic and contractile properties. Although the expression profile properties in fast and slow muscle fibers had been investigated at the mRNA levels, a comprehensive analysis at proteomic and microRNA transcriptomic levels is limited. In the present study, we first systematically compared the proteomic and microRNA transcriptome of the slow and fast muscles of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi).

Pth4, an ancient parathyroid hormone lost in eutherian mammals, reveals a new brain-to-bone signaling pathway.

Regulation of bone development, growth, and remodeling traditionally has been thought to depend on endocrine and autocrine/paracrine modulators. Recently, however, brain-derived signals have emerged as key regulators of bone metabolism, although their mechanisms of action have been poorly understood. We reveal the existence of an ancient parathyroid hormone (Pth)4 in zebrafish that was secondarily lost in the eutherian mammals' lineage, including humans, and that is specifically expressed in neurons of the hypothalamus and appears to be a central neural regulator of bone development and mineral homeostasis.

GhMCS1, the Cotton Orthologue of Human GRIM-19, Is a Subunit of Mitochondrial Complex I and Associated with Cotton Fibre Growth.

GRIM-19 (Gene associated with Retinoid-Interferon-induced Mortality 19) is a subunit of mitochondrial respiratory complex I in mammalian systems, and it has been demonstrated to be a multifunctional protein involved in the cell cycle, cell motility and innate immunity. However, little is known about the molecular functions of its homologues in plants. Here, we characterised GhMCS1, an orthologue of human GRIM-19 from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.

Comparative proteomic analyses of Asian cotton ovules with attached fibers in the early stages of fiber elongation process.

Background: Plenty of proteomic studies were performed to characterize the allotetraploid upland cotton fiber elongation process, whereas little is known about the elongating diploid cotton fiber proteome.

Methods: In this study, we used a two-dimensional electrophoresis-based comparative proteomic approach to profile dynamic proteomes of diploid Asian cotton ovules with attached fibers in the early stages of fiber elongation process. One-way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to find the differentially displayed protein (DDP) spots.

Exercise training activates neuregulin 1/ErbB signaling and promotes cardiac repair in a rat myocardial infarction model.

Aims: Exercise training (ET) has a cardioprotective effect and can alter the molecular response to myocardial infarction (MI). The Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)/ErbB signaling plays a critical role in cardiac repair and regeneration in the failing heart. We sought to investigate whether ET following MI could activate the NRG1/ErbB signaling and promote cardiac repair and regeneration.

The Effects of Hsp90α1 Mutations on Myosin Thick Filament Organization.

Heat shock protein 90α plays a key role in myosin folding and thick filament assembly in muscle cells. To assess the structure and function of Hsp90α and its potential regulation by post-translational modification, we developed a combined knockdown and rescue assay in zebrafish embryos to systematically analyze the effects of various mutations on Hsp90α function in myosin thick filament organization. DNA constructs expressing the Hsp90α1 mutants with altered putative ATP binding, phosphorylation, acetylation or methylation sites were co-injected with Hsp90α1 specific morpholino into zebrafish embryos.

The duplicated paired box protein 7 (pax7) genes differentially transcribed during Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryogenesis.

PAX are important regulators of developmental processes. PAX7 plays crucial roles in patterning of the dorsal central nervous system (CNS), neural crest (NC), and skeletal muscle. Here, we identified six spliced isoforms of pax7a and one pax7b and characterized their expression patterns.

A transgenic zebrafish model for monitoring xbp1 splicing and endoplasmic reticulum stress in vivo.

Accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers ER stress that initiates unfolded protein response (UPR). XBP1 is a transcription factor that mediates one of the key signaling pathways of UPR to cope with ER stress through regulating gene expression. Activation of XBP1 involves an unconventional mRNA splicing catalyzed by IRE1 endonuclease that removes an internal 26 nucleotides from xbp1 mRNA transcripts in the cytoplasm.

The olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Pax3 homologues are highly conserved, encode multiple isoforms and show unique expression patterns.

Pax genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in the formation of tissues and organs during development. Pax3 plays crucial roles in patterning of the dorsal central nervous system (CNS), neural crest and skeletal muscle. Here, we identified two spliced isoforms of Pax3a and three spliced isoforms of Pax3b and characterized their expression patterns.

SMYD proteins: key regulators in skeletal and cardiac muscle development and function.

Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, one of the most highly ordered macromolecular assemblies in cells. Recent studies demonstrate that members of the Smyd family play critical roles in myofibril assembly of skeletal and cardiac muscle during development. The Smyd family consists of five members including Smyd1, Smyd2, Smyd3, Smyd4, and Smyd5.

Gne depletion during zebrafish development impairs skeletal muscle structure and function.

GNE Myopathy is a rare recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the GNE gene, which codes for the key enzyme in the metabolic pathway of sialic acid synthesis. The process by which GNE mutations lead to myopathy is not well understood. By in situ hybridization and gne promoter-driven fluorescent transgenic fish generation, we have characterized the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the zebrafish gne gene and have shown that it is highly conserved compared with the human ortholog.

Expression and functional characterization of Smyd1a in myofibril organization of skeletal muscles.

Background: Smyd1, the founding member of the Smyd family including Smyd-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, is a SET and MYND domain containing protein that plays a key role in myofibril assembly in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that zebrafish genome contains two highly related smyd1 genes, smyd1a and smyd1b. Although Smyd1b function is well characterized in skeletal and cardiac muscles, the function of Smyd1a is, however, unknown.

Characterisation and expression of myogenesis regulatory factors during in vitro myoblast development and in vivo fasting in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata).

The aim of this study was to characterise a primary cell culture isolated from fast skeletal muscle of the gilthead sea bream. Gene expression profiles during culture maturation were compared with those obtained from a fasting-refeeding model which is widely used to modulate myogenesis in vivo. Myogenesis is controlled by numerous extracellular signals together with intracellular transcriptional factors whose coordinated expression is critical for the appropriate development of muscle fibres.

Smyd1b is required for skeletal and cardiac muscle function in zebrafish.

Smyd1b is a member of the Smyd family that is specifically expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Smyd1b plays a key role in thick filament assembly during myofibrillogenesis in skeletal muscles of zebrafish embryos. To better characterize Smyd1b function and its mechanism of action in myofibrillogenesis, we analyzed the effects of smyd1b knockdown on myofibrillogenesis in skeletal and cardiac muscles of zebrafish embryos.

Comparative proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed proteins correlated with fuzz fiber initiation in diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.).

Unlabelled: In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis was employed to identify fuzz fiber initiation-related proteins in wild-type diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) and its fuzzless mutant. Temporal changes in global proteomes were examined using 2-DE at five developmental time points for fuzz fiber initiation, and 71 differentially expressed protein species were identified by MS, 45 of which were preferentially accumulated in the wild-type.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus accelerates zebrafish backbone calcification and gonadal differentiation through effects on the GnRH and IGF systems.

Endogenous microbiota play essential roles in the host's immune system, physiology, reproduction and nutrient metabolism. We hypothesized that a continuous administration of an exogenous probiotic might also influence the host's development. Thus, we treated zebrafish from birth to sexual maturation (2-months treatment) with Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a probiotic species intended for human use.

Phylogenetic studies of three sinipercid fishes (Perciformes: Sinipercidae) based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences.

The sinipercids are a group of 12 species of freshwater percoid fish endemic to East Asia and their phylogenetic placements have perplexed generations of taxonomists. We cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of three sinipercid fishes (Siniperca chuatsi, S. kneri, and S.

Functional analysis of slow myosin heavy chain 1 and myomesin-3 in sarcomere organization in zebrafish embryonic slow muscles.

Myofibrillogenesis, the process of sarcomere formation, requires close interactions of sarcomeric proteins and various components of sarcomere structures. The myosin thick filaments and M-lines are two key components of the sarcomere. It has been suggested that myomesin proteins of M-lines interact with myosin and titin proteins and keep the thick and titin filaments in order.

Smyd1b_tv1, a key regulator of sarcomere assembly, is localized on the M-line of skeletal muscle fibers.

Background: Smyd1b is a member of the Smyd family that plays a key role in sarcomere assembly during myofibrillogenesis. Smyd1b encodes two alternatively spliced isoforms, smyd1b_tv1 and smyd1b_tv2, that are expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles and play a vital role in myofibrillogenesis in skeletal muscles of zebrafish embryos.

Methodology/principal Findings: To better understand Smyd1b function in myofibrillogenesis, we analyzed the subcellular localization of Smyd1b_tv1 and Smyd1b_tv2 in transgenic zebrafish expressing a myc-tagged Smyd1b_tv1 or Smyd1b_tv2.

Development of a transgenic zebrafish model expressing GFP in the notochord, somite and liver directed by the hfe2 gene promoter.

Hemojuvelin, also known as RGMc, is encoded by hfe2 gene that plays an important role in iron homeostasis. hfe2 is specifically expressed in the notochord, developing somite and skeletal muscles during development. The molecular regulation of hfe2 expression is, however, not clear.

Loss of Smyhc1 or Hsp90alpha1 function results in different effects on myofibril organization in skeletal muscles of zebrafish embryos.

Background: Myofibrillogenesis requires the correct folding and assembly of sarcomeric proteins into highly organized sarcomeres. Heat shock protein 90alpha1 (Hsp90alpha1) has been implicated as a myosin chaperone that plays a key role in myofibrillogenesis. Knockdown or mutation of hsp90alpha1 resulted in complete disorganization of thick and thin filaments and M- and Z-line structures.

Analyzing notochord segmentation and intervertebral disc formation using the twhh:gfp transgenic zebrafish model.

To characterize the process of vertebral segmentation and disc formation in living animals, we analyzed tiggy-winkle hedgehog (twhh):green fluorescent protein (gfp) and sonic hedgehog (shh):gfp transgenic zebrafish models that display notochord-specific GFP expression. We found that they showed distinct patterns of expression in the intervertebral discs of late stage fish larvae and adult zebrafish. A segmented pattern of GFP expression was detected in the intervertebral disc of twhh:gfp transgenic fish.

skNAC (skeletal Naca), a muscle-specific isoform of Naca (nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha), is required for myofibril organization.

Myofibrillogenesis, the precise assembly of sarcomeric proteins into the highly organized sarcomeres, is essential for muscle cell differentiation and function. Myofibrillogenesis requires proper folding and assembly of newly synthesized sarcomeric proteins. sknac (skeletal naca) is an alternatively spliced isoform of naca, which encodes the nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide that binds to newly synthesized polypeptides emerging from the ribosome.

Sparc (Osteonectin) functions in morphogenesis of the pharyngeal skeleton and inner ear.

Sparc (Osteonectin), a matricellular glycoprotein expressed by many differentiated cells, is a major non-collagenous constituent of vertebrate bones. Recent studies indicate that Sparc expression appears early in development, although its function and regulation during embryogenesis are largely unknown. We cloned zebrafish sparc and investigated its role during development, using a mo rpholino antisense oligonucleotide-based knockdown approach.

Cloning and characterization of myogenin from seabream (Sparus aurata) and analysis of promoter muscle specificity.

Myogenesis of skeletal muscles in vertebrates is controlled by extracellular signalling molecules together with intracellular transcription factors. Among the transcriptional factors, the members of the myogenic regulatory family, including MyoD, Myf5, Myogenin and MRF4, play important roles regulating skeletal muscle development and growth. To characterize the gene structure and expression of fish myogenin, we have isolated the myogenin genomic gene and cDNA from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and analyzed the genomic structure, pattern of expression and the regulation of muscle-specific expression.