Clinical Presentation, Anti-microbial Resistance, and Outcome of Salmonella typhimurium Causing Urinary Tract Infections: A Report of Two Cases.

Non-typhoidal causing urinary tract infections is uncommon.Their presence in urine is usually suggestive of genitourinary abnormalities, immunosuppression, andother comorbid conditions. The first patient is an 18-year-old female who presented to the Emergency Department with abdominal pain and burning micturition.

The Effectiveness of the Pitstop Method of Teaching Among Phase II Medical Students.

Background and objectives The pitstop method of teaching involves short educational videos that entail a stepwise approach to augment knowledge retention and understanding. Short videos stimulate both visual and auditory pathways, thereby improving learner's experiences, knowledge retention, and understanding of the concept, which will help with long-term memory. In this study, we aimed to compare the pitstop method of teaching with the didactic lecture technique based on assessment and feedback.

Characterization of Chlorhexidine Resistance Among Clinical Isolates of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus Species in a Tertiary Care Center, Chennai.

Background Coagulase-negative (CoNS) are potential pathogens and are often associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the most widely used antiseptic to reduce colonization and infection by all , including CoNS. Resistance to CHX among CoNS has been observed over the past few years, consequent to its widespread use.

Virulence, Susceptibility Profile, and Clinical Characteristics of Pathogenic Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci.

Background Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are emerging as clinically significant pathogens. A high proportion of methicillin resistance along with intense biofilm-producing ability render CoNS-related infections challenging to treat. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms of methicillin resistance, identify genes encoding for virulence, and their association with clinical outcomes among clinical isolates of Staphylococci in a tertiary care center.

Spectrum of Virulence Factors in Clinical Isolates of and Prevalence of SCCmec Types in Methicillin-Resistant in a Tertiary Care Center.

 Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is a widely recognized multidrug-resistant bacteria presenting a major therapeutic challenge to clinicians. possesses a number of pathogenicity factors that attribute to the severity of infections. This study was undertaken to investigate the common virulence genes in clinical isolates of , determine their antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and to characterize the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types among MRSA in a tertiary care center.

Detection of a Novel G2603T Mutation in cfr Harboring Linezolid-Resistant : First Report from India.

  has emerged as an important multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen. Linezolid is useful in the treatment of severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant . Resistance to linezolid in is due to one or more of the following mechanisms: acquisition of the (chloramphenicol florfenicol resistance) gene, mutation in the central loop of domain V of the 23S rRNA, and mutation in the and genes.

Molecular Characterization of High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance among Species.

  are nosocomial pathogen. They can develop high-level resistance to aminoglycoside by producing aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). In enterococci, high level resistance to aminoglycosides is mediated by acquisition of plasmid mediated genes encoding for aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs).

Plasmid-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistance in and .

  and are important pathogens in health care-associated infections. Fluoroquinolone resistance has emerged in these pathogens. In this study, we aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants ( , , , , , and ) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the transmissibility of plasmid-borne resistance determinants in clinical isolates of and .

Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates of e.

 Fluoroquinolones are widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics. Recently, increased rate of resistance to this antibiotic has been observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) mutation genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant K.

Spectrum of Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes in Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Human Infections.

 Aminoglycosides are formidable broad-spectrum antibiotics used in clinical settings; woefully their usage has been reduced by the emergence and distribution of resistance mainly due to aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME).  This study was performed to determine the diverse prevalence of AME and their pattern of occurrence in the clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria. This study also aimed to detect the presence of AMEs that are prevalent in gram-positive bacteria, among gram negatives.

Prevalence and clonal relatedness of NDM and OXA-48-producing in a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Background: Carbapenems are used for the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant . Resistance to carbapenems in is mainly due to metallo-beta-lactamases (NDM, IMP, and VIM) and class D oxacillinase (OXA-48-like).

Aim And Objective: This study was undertaken to detect the genes encoding for carbapenemase in and to determine the clonal relatedness of selected isolates of producing NDM and OXA-48 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method (PFGE).

Prevalence of KPC and its occurrence with other beta-lactamases in .

Background: () is an important nosocomial pathogen, and the emergence of multidrug resistance in these organisms limits the treatment options for serious infections caused by them. carbapenemase (KPC) is one of the clinically significant Class A beta-lactamases.

Aim And Objective: This study was aimed to detect the KPC and its coexistence with other beta-lactamases in .

Occurrence and characterization of hyperviscous K1 and K2 serotype in .

Background: causes both nosocomial and community-associated infections. Hypervirulent (hvKP), new variant of , can cause invasive infections in young healthy individuals as well as in the immunocompromised population. Hypervirulent strains frequently belong to capsular serotypes K1 or K2.

Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Producing Serotype Typhi in a Tertiary Care Centre.

Introduction: Infections caused by are an important public health threat in tropical and subtropical countries. Due to the emergence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (multidrug resistant salmonellae) in the late 1980s, fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum cephalosporins became the drugs of choice. Resistance to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone due to the production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin have emerged resulting in treatment failure.

Carbapenemase-producing : Risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on outcomes.

Background: Carbapenemase-producing (CPE) have increased in recent years leading to limitations of treatment options. The present study was undertaken to detect CPE, risk factors for acquiring them and their impact on clinical outcomes.

Methods: This retrospective observational study included 111 clinically significant resistant to cephalosporins subclass III and exhibiting a positive modified Hodge test.

Detection of Vancomycin Resistance among Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Introduction: Vancomycin remains the drug of choice for resistant gram positive infections caused by Enterococcus spp and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Increased use of vancomycin has led to frank resistance and increase in MIC (MIC creep). Vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) & Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) are important emerging nosocomial pathogens resulting in treatment failures.

Detection of New Delhi metallo beta lactamase-1 (NDM-1) carbapenemase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a single centre in southern India.

Background & Objectives: New Delhi metallo β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates are potential threat to human health. This study was conducted to detect the presence of bla(NDM-1) in carbapenem resistant P. aeruginosa in a tertiary care center in southern India.