Improving representation of Hispanic adults in a population-based cancer genetics cohort: Qualitative findings from the Healthy Oregon Project.

Background: Members of many racial and ethnic population subgroups are underrepresented in clinical trials and research. We present perspectives on barriers and facilitators to study participation gathered from Hispanic participants in a population-based genetic screening study.

Methods: Seven focus groups (five in English and two in Spanish) were conducted with self-identified Hispanic participants of the Healthy Oregon Project (HOP), a large population-based cohort of adults residing in Oregon.

Development of genomic evaluation for methane efficiency in Canadian Holsteins.

Reducing methane (CH) emissions from agriculture, among other sectors, is a key step to reducing global warming. There are many strategies to reduce CH emissions in ruminant animals, including genetic selection, which yields cumulative and permanent genetic gains over generations. A single-step genomic evaluation for methane efficiency (MEF) was officially implemented in April 2023 for the Canadian Holstein breed, aiming to reduce CH emissions without affecting production levels.

Novel Macrocyclic NLRP3 Inhibitors.

Aberrant activation of NLRP3 due to persistent tissue damage, misfolded proteins or crystal deposits has been linked to multiple chronic inflammatory disorders such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), neurodegenerative diseases, gouty arthritis, and numerous others. Hence, there has been an increasing interest in NLRP3 inhibitors as therapeutics. A first generation of NLRP3 inhibitors bearing a sulfonylurea core such as MCC950 (developed by Pfizer) were discovered by phenotypic screening, however their mode of action was only elucidated later.

Chatbot for the Return of Positive Genetic Screening Results for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: a Prompt Engineering Study.

Background: The growing demand for genomic testing and limited access to experts necessitate innovative service models. While chatbots have shown promise in supporting genomic services like pre-test counseling, their use in returning positive genetic results, especially using the more recent large language models (LLMs) remains unexplored.

Objective: This study reports the prompt engineering process and intrinsic evaluation of the LLM component of a chatbot designed to support returning positive population-wide genomic screening results.

Cannabis Use Is Associated with Pain Severity and Interference Among Cancer Survivors.

Context: Cannabis use for symptom management among individuals with cancer is increasingly common.

Objectives: We sought to describe the (1) prevalence and characteristics of cannabis use, (2) perceived therapeutic benefits of cannabis use, and (3) examine how use of cannabis was associated with self-reported pain, mood, and general health outcomes in a representative sample of patients treated at a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated Oregon Health and Science University Knight Cancer Institute.

Methods: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional survey developed in conjunction with 11 other NCI-designated cancer centers and distributed to eligible individuals.

The use of a pre-hospital questionnaire expedited the acute management of patients with ischemic stroke in a comprehensive stroke center.

Background: Delays in intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) treatment for acute ischemic stroke decrease the benefit of treatment. Difficulties determining a patient's clinical eligibility for IVT is a frequent cause of treatment delays.

Objective: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the "PROVIDENCE" datasheet, a pre- hospital assessment of contraindications for IVT use applied by emergency medical services personnel.

High-intensity interval versus moderate-intensity continuous cycling training in Parkinson's disease: a randomized trial.

Exercise training is recommended to improve the quality of life in those living with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the optimal prescription to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and disease-related motor symptoms remains unknown. Twenty-nine participants with PD were randomly allocated to either 10 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) ( = 15; 6 female) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) ( = 14; 5 female). The primary outcome was the change in maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o).

Implementation and outcomes of a quality improvement project to systematically assess the gross motor skills in school-aged children with cystic fibrosis.

Introduction: Limited data exist on the gross motor abilities of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The objective of this research project was to implement a systematic gross motor assessment in children with CF ages 4-12 years. Secondarily, we aimed to assess demographic characteristics associated with gross motor delays.

A qualitative look at bed net access and use in Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Rwanda following piloted distributions of dual-active ingredient insecticide-treated nets.

Background: Universal coverage with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is important for malaria control and elimination. The emergence and intensification of insecticide resistance threatens progress made through the deployment of these interventions and has required the development of newer, more expensive ITN types. Understanding malaria prevention behaviour, including barriers and facilitators to net access and use, can support effective decision-making for the promotion and distribution of ITNs.

Visual cue spatial context affects performance of anticipatory postural adjustments.

Past research indicates that anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) errors may be due to the incorrect selection of responses to visual stimuli. In the current study we used the Simon task as a methodological tool to challenge the response selection stage of processing by presenting visual cues with conflicting spatial context; in this case generating a step response to a left pointing arrow which appears to the participant's right side or vice versa. We expected greater mediolateral APA errors, delayed APA and step onset times, and greater lateral CoP displacement prior to stepping for visual cues with incongruent spatial contexts compared to cues with congruent.

Novel recruitment approaches and operational results for a statewide population Cohort for cancer research: The Healthy Oregon Project.

Background: Cancer health research relies on large-scale cohorts to derive generalizable results for different populations. While traditional epidemiological cohorts often use costly random sampling or self-motivated, preselected groups, a shift toward health system-based cohorts has emerged. However, such cohorts depend on participants remaining within a single system.

Primary Care Providers Experiences Implementing Low-Dose Computed Tomography Recommendations for Lung Cancer Screening.

Purpose: Describe primary care providers' (PCPs) barriers and facilitators to implementation of lung cancer screening programs in rural settings.

Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews with PCPs practicing in rural Oregon from November 2019 to September 2020. The interview questions and analytic framework were informed by the 2009 Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Profiling whole-tissue metabolic reprogramming during cutaneous poxvirus infection and clearance.

Human poxvirus infections have caused significant public health burdens both historically and recently during the unprecedented global Mpox virus outbreak. Although vaccinia virus (VACV) infection of mice is a commonly used model to explore the anti-poxvirus immune response, little is known about the metabolic changes that occur during infection. We hypothesized that the metabolome of VACV-infected skin would reflect the increased energetic requirements of both virus-infected cells and immune cells recruited to sites of infection.

Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor.

Breast cancer (BCa) has many well-known risk factors, including age, genetics, lifestyle, and diet; however, the influence of the gut microbiome on BCa remains an emerging area of investigation. This study explores the connection between the gut microbiome, dietary habits, and BCa risk. We enrolled newly diagnosed BCa patients and age-matched cancer-free controls in a case-control study.

Dairy product consumption and lung cancer risk: A prospective analysis.

Background & Aim: Current evidence on prospective associations between dairy product, dairy fat and lactose intakes and lung cancer risk is limited and inconsistent. We conducted a prospective analysis of associations of lung cancer risk with dairy product intakes in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) cohort.

Methods: Pre-diagnostic dairy product intake was assessed through a validated Diet History Questionnaire.

An aging-susceptible circadian rhythm controls cutaneous antiviral immunity.

Aged skin is prone to viral infections, but the mechanisms responsible for this immunosenescent immune risk are unclear. We observed that aged murine and human skin expressed reduced levels of antiviral proteins (AVPs) and circadian regulators, including Bmal1 and Clock. Bmal1 and Clock were found to control rhythmic AVP expression in skin, and such circadian control of AVPs was diminished by disruption of immune cell IL-27 signaling and deletion of Bmal1/Clock genes in mouse skin, as well as siRNA-mediated knockdown of CLOCK in human primary keratinocytes.

Equitable implementation of lung cancer screening: avoiding its potential to mirror existing inequities among people who use tobacco.

Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, but the advent of lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography offers a tremendous opportunity to improve lung cancer outcomes. Unfortunately, implementation of lung cancer screening has been hampered by substantial barriers and remains suboptimal. Specifically, the commentary emphasizes the intersectionality of smoking history and several important sociodemographic characteristics and identities that should inform lung cancer screening outreach and engagement efforts, including socioeconomic considerations (e.

Racial Identity Attitudes and Vicarious Traumatization from Undue Police Violence on Anticipatory Traumatic Reaction Among Black Americans.

Although the viral nature of videos that capture violent and racialized policing of Black Americans in the United States can increase awareness, exposure to race-based violence can result in vicarious traumatization, particularly among Black Americans. The relationship between anticipatory traumatic reactions (ATRs) and racial identity attitudes is not clearly addressed in the extant body of literature. The current study addresses this research disparity by first analyzing group mean differences among Black Americans ( = 138) who were assigned to audiovisual, written, and imaginal exposure groups.

Plasma Cetuximab Concentrations Correlate With Survival in Patients With Advanced KRAS Wild Type Colorectal Cancer.

Background: Cetuximab is a standard of care therapy for patients with RAS wild-type (WT) advanced colorectal cancer. Limited data suggest a wide variation in cetuximab plasma concentrations after standard dosing regimens. We correlated cetuximab plasma concentrations with survival and toxicity.

REPRESENT recommendations: improving inclusion and trust in cancer early detection research.

Detecting cancer early is essential to improving cancer outcomes. Minoritized groups remain underrepresented in early detection cancer research, which means that findings and interventions are not generalisable across the population, thus exacerbating disparities in cancer outcomes. In light of these challenges, this paper sets out twelve recommendations to build relations of trust and include minoritized groups in ED cancer research.