keratitis: A clinical diagnosis with successful outcome.

keratitis is mostly seen in patients with alcoholism, malnutrition, or HIV. Its chronic waxing-and-waning course makes it difficult to diagnose. A 53-year-old male presented with pain and redness in his right eye for the past 3 weeks.

Serum vitamin D level alterations in retinal vascular occlusions.

Aim: To evaluate serum vitamin D levels in sub-types of retinal vascular occlusions and compare the levels in ischemic and non-ischemic presentations.

Methods: This study included 50 patients of retinal vascular occlusions comprising central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion (study group) diagnosed on basis of clinical characteristics as well as investigations and an age and gender-matched healthy control group (control group). The study group was further classified into ischemic and non-ischemic subtypes and serum vitamin D levels were analysed and compared.

Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis Following Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Rare Complication.

Purpose: To report a case of ocular toxoplasmosis as a rare complication of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in a case of diabetic macular edema.

Methods: A 56 years old male, a known case of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, received intravitreal dexamethasone implant for diabetic macular edema in left eye. He developed toxoplasma retinochoroiditis involving the macula with further diminution of vision in his left eye 3 weeks after the injection.

Association of serum vitamin D levels with clinical spectrum of central serous chorioretinopathy patients of Indian origin.

Background: Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone has been implicated in various ophthalmological diseases such as ocular inflammation, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and ocular angiogenesis. Many studies have shown effect of vitamin D on oxidative stress, angiogenesis and retinal circulation. However, there is definitive lack in published literature on effect of vitamin D on central serous chorioretinopathy especially in view of various epidemiological studies reporting risk of vitamin deficiency in up to 40% adult population.

Comparison of changes in blood pressure in phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed via topical and peribulbar anaesthesia: A cohort study.

Background: The purpose of study was to compare the changes in blood pressure in patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical and peribulbar anaesthesia during preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative period.

Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 240 patients undergoing phacoemulsification were divided into topical (Group 1) and peribulbar (Group 2) equally. Proparacaine 0.

Purtscher-like retinopathy-unusual initial presentation of rheumatoid arthritis.

Purtscher-like retinopathy is a rare phenomenon reported in disorders including acute pancreatitis, collagen vascular diseases, fat embolism, chronic renal failure, amniotic fluid embolism, battered baby syndrome and several autoimmune diseases. We report an atypical initial feature of rheumatoid arthritis in a middle-aged male. This case will raise awareness among generalists to recognize this disease early.

Tuberculosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A conundrum.

Infectious atypical optic neuritis (AON), like tubercular, is a vision threatening condition with phenotypic overlap with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD). The overlapping neurological manifestations and negative AQP4-Ab-assay make it difficult to discover the primary cause of neuritis. We report two paediatric cases with NMOSD that did not fulfil the diagnostic criteria.

Immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery in Down syndrome.

The exponential increase in world population and average human lifespan is expected to result in geriatric population globally. The problem of preventable blindness due to cataract will increase manifold. Simultaneous Bilateral cataract surgery (SBCS) is a viable option in such subset of patients.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with negative aquaporin-4 antibodies and positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: A case report.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are rare autoimmune-mediated chronic inflammatory disorders involving the central nervous system. The concept of NMOSDs has widened up recently. Its diagnostic criteria have broadened the knowledge of this particular disease including the atypical cases where antiaquaporin-4 antibody is negative and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody is positive.

Acute myeloid leukemia presenting as unilateral central retinal vein occlusion.

Ocular manifestations of leukemia are often bilateral and involve all ocular structures with non-specific features like retinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots and choroidal infiltrates. We report a rare, atypical initial presentation of acute myeloid leukemia with unilateral central retinal vein occlusion in a middle-aged male. This case will raise awareness among ophthalmologists to recognize and diagnose underlying systemic disease early and decrease systemic morbidity in consultation with a hematologist.

Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: Current perspectives.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using verteporfin Visudyne®(Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland) is widely used to treat various chorio-retinal diseases. PDT targets choroidal vascular abnormalities and induces selective occlusion of vessels. PDT was originally used in combination with full-dose verteporfin to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Ray tracing biometry in post radial keratotomy eye.

Objective: To report a case of post radial keratotomy (RK) cataract in a 55-year-old lady wherein biometry was done by ray-tracing method incorporated in scheimpflug topographer (Sirius + Scheimpflug Analyzer, CSO, Italy).

Method: In our case, we performed intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation using a recent concept of ray tracing with scheimpflug topographer and compared with traditional methods available at American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery(ASCRS) website (www.ascrs.

Study of correlation between stereopsis and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in cases of glaucoma.

Background: Glaucoma is an important and common optic neuropathy characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and associated morphological changes to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). The most common assessment of visual function in glaucoma uses perimetric measurements of visual sensitivity. Only few studies have evaluated the binocular function in patients with glaucoma.

Tear film abnormalities in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and normal healthy participants: A comparative analysis.

Background: Pseudoexfoliative material is being implicated in causing tear film abnormalities, and the aim of the present study was to prove it and to compare with the normal healthy participants.

Methods: A total of 398 eyes of 200 participants were studied, and two groups were formed. The first, pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) group, included 198 eyes of 100 patients, and the second, age-matched control group, included 200 eyes of 100 participants.

Combined cardiac anomalies in Noonan syndrome: A case report.

Introduction: Noonan syndrome is the second most common syndromic cause of congenital heart disease. Most patients have an autosomal dominant inheritance, but some cases may be sporadic. Pulmonary stenosis is the most common cardiac manifestation in Noonan syndrome, associated with the atrial septal defect and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Hyperglycaemia as a risk factor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity: A cohort study.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a preventable cause of childhood blindness. Without treatment, over 45% of eyes can develop permanent visual loss. Hyperglycaemia has recently been described as a risk factor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a proliferative vascular disease of the retina that primarily affects premature infants.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Octogenarian With Anomalous Origin Arising From Right Sinus: A Rare Case Report.

Anomalous coronary artery origins are not common in routine clinical practice. The incidence of coronary anomalies in patients undergoing coronary angiography is less than 1%. The greatest challenges faced in the management are delays in identification and difficulty engaging the anomalous coronary artery.

A clinical study to describe the corneal topographic pattern and estimation of the prevalence of keratoconus among diagnosed cases of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Background: Association of keratoconus with vernal keratoconjunctivitis is well known, but there are few topographic studies describing actual prevalence especially in India where it is a common condition. There is also scarce literature on the topographic patterns and subclinical topographic anomalies in cases of vernal catarrh and their relationship with various subtypes. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of subclinical keratoconus among Indian subjects with vernal keratoconjunctivitis and describe the various topographic abnormalities which can help in screening for these cases.

Sheets glide-assisted versus Busin glide-assisted insertion techniques for descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK): A comparative analysis.

Background: The donor lenticule insertion techniques play a crucial role in outcomes following descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) and the current study is aimed to compare two of the commonly performed donor lenticule insertion techniques in DSEK.

Method: Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty was performed in 48 eyes of 48 patients at two tertiary eye care centers from January 2014 to December 2016. At one center (Group 1), 26 patients had Sheets glide-assisted lenticule insertion whereas at other center (Group 2), 22 patients had Busin glide-assisted insertion of donor lenticule.

Corneal endothelial alterations in alcohol dependence syndrome.

Background/aims: To evaluate the corneal endothelial changes in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS).

Methods: A total of 322 corneas of 322 subjects were studied, and two groups were formed. The first, the ADS group, included 161 corneas of 161 patients and the second, the age-matched control group, was composed of 161 corneas of 161 healthy subjects.

Comparative analysis of endothelial cell loss following phacoemulsification in pupils of different sizes.

Purpose: To compare Endothelial cell(EC) loss following Phacoemulsification (PKE) in pupils of different sizes.

Methods: A prospective double masked observational study in which a total of 150 eyes of 150 patients between 50 & 70 years of age with senile cataract of nuclear sclerosis grade II were enrolled. Patients were allocated into three groups of 50 eyes each in Group A (pupil size <5 mm), Group B (pupil size 5-7 mm) and Group C (pupil size >7 mm).