Calcium leakage involved in nematotoxic effects of the Conidiobolus obscurus CytCo protein on the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Background: The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a severe invasive species, is responsible for causing widespread pine wilt disease. The CytCo protein, a pore-forming toxin derived from Conidiobolus obscurus, exhibits nematotoxicity towards B. xylophilus.

Transcriptomic insights into the effects of CytCo, a novel nematotoxic protein, on the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Background: The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a destructive pest of Pinus trees worldwide and lacks effective control measures. Screening for nematotoxic proteins has been undertaken to develop new strategies for nematode control.

Results: The results of the present study provided initial insights into the responses of B.

Nematotoxicity of a Cyt-like protein toxin from Conidiobolus obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina) on the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Background: The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a destructive pest on Pinus trees and lacks effective control measures. The present study identified a novel nematotoxic cytolytic (Cyt)-like protein originating from the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus obscurus.

Results: The protein was successfully purified using heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and affinity chromatography.

Characterization of a cytolytic-like gene from the aphid-obligate fungal pathogen Conidiobolus obscurus.

Cytolytic (Cyt)-like genes are known by omics analyses to exist widely in bacterial and fungal pathogens, but their insecticidal activities in fungi remains unknown. A full-length coding sequence of a Cyt-like gene was first amplified from Conidiobolus obscurus (an obligate aphid-pathogenic fungus) through RACE (rapid-amplification of cDNA ends). The deduced protein structure was structurally characterized by a single Cyt-typical α/β domain.

Ruthenium Complex-Incorporated Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Cocatalyst-Free Photocatalytic Proton Reduction from Water.

Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets with efficient light-driven proton reduction activity were obtained through the exfoliation of novel metal-organic frameworks (MOF), which were synthesized by using a bis(4'-carboxy-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) ruthenium complex as a linker and transition-metal (Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn) anions as nodes. The nanosheet of the Ni node exhibits a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 923 ± 40 μmol g h at pH = 4.0, without the presence of any cocatalyst or cosensitizer.

Transcriptomic profiling of effects of emamectin benzoate on the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Background: Emamectin benzoate (EB) has recently been successfully applied as a trunk injection for preventative control of the pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle. Here, a whole-organism transcriptomic analysis provides comprehensive insights into the adverse effects of EB on B. xylophilus.