NRP1 is a receptor for mammalian orthoreovirus engaged by distinct capsid subunits.

Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a nonenveloped virus that establishes primary infection in the intestine and disseminates to sites of secondary infection, including the CNS. Reovirus entry involves multiple engagement factors, but how the virus disseminates systemically and targets neurons remains unclear. In this study, we identified murine neuropilin 1 (mNRP1) as a receptor for reovirus.

Neural-Cell-Intrinsic NF-κB Signaling Enhances Reovirus Virulence.

Pathological effects of apoptosis associated with viral infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Reovirus is a neurotropic virus that causes apoptosis in neurons, leading to lethal encephalitis in newborn mice. Reovirus-induced encephalitis is diminished in mice with germ line ablation of NF-κB subunit p50.

Molecular characterization of emerging variants of PRRSV in the United States: new features of the -2/-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting signal in the nsp2 region.

In this study, we characterized an emerging porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate UIL21-0712, which is a lineage 1C variant with ORF5 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) cutting pattern of 1-4-4. The UIL21-0712 genome sequence has 85.3% nucleotide identity with the prototypic PRRSV-2 strain VR2332.

Ribosome profiling of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus reveals novel features of viral gene expression.

The arterivirus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Here we apply ribosome profiling (RiboSeq) and parallel RNA sequencing (RNASeq) to characterise the transcriptome and translatome of both species of PRRSV and to analyse the host response to infection. We calculated programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) efficiency at both sites on the viral genome.

Monitoring peripheral neutrophil and T-lymphocyte subsets could assist in differentiating the severity and disease progression of coronavirus disease 2019.

Helper T cells (CD3+CD4+ T cells) and cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+ T cells) play direct and indirect antiviral roles. This study retrospectively explored the clinical significance of peripheral lymphocytes, especially the dynamic analysis of T-cell subsets, in determining coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and progression. Seventy-nine patients with COVID-19 in the Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu from January to February 2020 were included, 59 of which were analyzed for dynamic peripheral T-cell subsets expression.

A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin delivered by parainfluenza virus 5 vector induces broadly protective immunity against genetically divergent influenza a H1 viruses in swine.

Pigs are an important reservoir for human influenza viruses, and influenza causes significant economic loss to the swine industry. As demonstrated during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, control of swine influenza virus infection is a critical step toward blocking emergence of human influenza virus. An effective vaccine that can induce broadly protective immunity against heterologous influenza virus strains is critically needed.

Hyper-phosphorylation of nsp2-related proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Viruses exploit phosphorylation of both viral and host proteins to support viral replication. In this study, we demonstrate that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replicase nsp2, and two nsp2-related -2/-1 frameshifting products, nsp2TF and nsp2N, are hyper-phosphorylated. By mapping phosphorylation sites, we subdivide an extended, previously uncharacterized region, located between the papain-like protease-2 (PLP2) domain and frameshifting site, into three distinct domains.

Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against p30 protein of African swine fever virus.

Among the structural proteins that compose the virion of African swine fever virus (ASFV), p30 is one of the most immunogenic proteins and is produced during early stage of ASFV infection. These two characteristics make p30 a good target for diagnostic assays to detect ASFV infection. In this study, we describe a panel of newly generated p30-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).

Double-stranded viral RNA persists in vitro and in vivo during prolonged infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

In order to study the mechanism of PRRSV persistence, an in vitro model of persistence was developed by serially passaging PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells 109 times. Viral persistence was detected to be associated with increased double-stranded (dsRNA) in the infected cells. In PRRSV infected pigs, reduced ratio of plus to minus strands of viral RNA was observed in lymphoid tissues from PRRSV persistent pigs at 52 days post infection.

A Naturally Occurring Recombinant Enterovirus Expresses a Torovirus Deubiquitinase.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are implicated in a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. In this study, a novel enterovirus (enterovirus species G [EVG]) (EVG 08/NC_USA/2015) was isolated from a diagnostic sample from a neonatal pig diarrhea case and identified by using metagenomics and complete genome sequencing. The viral genome shares 75.

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure.

Unlabelled: Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is clinically manifested by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), respiratory and enteric disease, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an essential component of PCVAD, although an etiologic role in PDNS is not well established. Here, a novel circovirus, designated porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was identified in sows that died acutely with PDNS-like clinical signs.

Construction and characterization of a full-length cDNA infectious clone of emerging porcine Senecavirus A.

A full-length cDNA infectious clone, pKS15-01-Clone, was constructed from an emerging Senecavirus A (SVA; strain KS15-01). To explore the potential use as a viral backbone for expressing marker genes, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged reporter virus (vKS15-01-EGFP) was generated using reverse genetics. Compared to the parental virus, the pKS15-01-Clone derived virus (vKS15-01-Clone) replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo, and induced similar levels of neutralizing antibody and cytokine responses in infected animals.

Development of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-like-particle-based vaccine and evaluation of its immunogenicity in pigs.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a leading cause of economic burden to the pork industry worldwide. The routinely used modified live PRRS virus vaccine (PRRS-MLV) induces clinical protection, but it has safety concerns. Therefore, in an attempt to develop a safe and protective inactivated PRRSV vaccine, we generated PRRS-virus-like-particles (PRRS-VLPs) containing the viral surface proteins GP5-GP4-GP3-GP2a-M or GP5-M using a novel baculovirus expression system.

Mutations in a Highly Conserved Motif of nsp1β Protein Attenuate the Innate Immune Suppression Function of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.

Unlabelled: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) is a multifunctional viral protein, which is involved in suppressing the host innate immune response and activating a unique -2/-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) signal for the expression of frameshifting products. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed that the R128A or R129A mutation introduced into a highly conserved motif ((123)GKYLQRRLQ(131)) reduced the ability of nsp1β to suppress interferon beta (IFN-β) activation and also impaired nsp1β's function as a PRF transactivator. Three recombinant viruses, vR128A, vR129A, and vRR129AA, carrying single or double mutations in the GKYLQRRLQ motif were characterized.