Investigating T cell-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of disease activity, axonal injury, and disability in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS, whereby clinical disease activity is primarily monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: Given the limitations associated with implementing and acquiring novel and emerging imaging biomarkers in routine clinical practice, the discovery of biofluid biomarkers may offer a more simple and cost-effective measure that would improve accessibility, standardization, and patient care. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles secreted from cells under both homeostatic and pathological states, and have been recently investigated as biomarkers in MS.