Metformin use and the risk of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in type II diabetic patients.

Aim: Emerging evidence has suggested that metformin may be protective against the development of human-papillomavirus-related cancers. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is highly associated with human papillomavirus infection and a precancerous status of anal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between metformin usage and the development of AIN in a large national sample.

Anorectal melanoma treated with abdominoperineal resection.

The diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of the anorectum is extremely rare and carries a very poor prognosis. While it is the third most common site of a primary melanoma, it accounts for <1% of anorectal malignancies. We present cases of anorectal melanoma treated with abdominoperineal resection.

Preventing Distal Catheter Obstruction in Laparoscopic Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement in Adults: The "Falciform Technique".

Background: Distal obstruction of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts is a major problem in the treatment of hydrocephalus. To avoid this complication, we describe a simple method using the falciform ligament to place and hold the distal catheter in the right subdiaphragmatic space, preventing catheter migration and distal obstruction.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively collected data of all VP shunt insertion and revision for adults with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus between November 2011 and September 2013.