Current Trend of Aerobic Bacteria and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Burn Wound Infection of A Tertiary Care Hospital, Rajshahi.

Burn injury is still a life-threatening event, associated with high mortality and morbidity inspite of recent advances and infection control practices. This cross sectional study was conducted at Microbiology department of Rajshahi Medical College (RMC), Bangladesh with the objective to provide an insight into the current trend of aerobic bacteria with their antibiogram in burn wound infected patients admitted in Burn and Plastic Surgery Unit of RMCH from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2016. A total of 212 wound swabs were collected and processed as per standard protocol.

SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces human nasopharyngeal commensal microbiome with inclusion of pathobionts.

The microbiota of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) play a role in host immunity against respiratory infectious diseases. However, scant information is available on interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the nasopharyngeal microbiome. This study characterizes the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human nasopharyngeal microbiomes and their relevant metabolic functions.

Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about rabies among the people in the community, healthcare professionals and veterinary practitioners in Bangladesh.

It is crucial to explore knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) about rabies among the people in the community, the personnel dealing with animal bite management and suspected rabies patients, including humans and animals, to facilitate intervention in improving rabies elimination strategies. In 2016, we conducted an interactive face-to-face survey in three different districts of Bangladesh to understand the extent of KAP towards rabies in the community peoples (CPs), human healthcare professionals (HCPs) and veterinary practitioners (VPs). A set of prescribed questions was employed to measure what proportion of each group possessed sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes and adequate perceptions about rabies.

Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns at COVID-19 Dedicated Wards in Bangladesh: Findings from a Single Center Study.

Background: As evidence is mounting regarding irrational and often unnecessary use of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic a cross-sectional Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) (in accordance with WHO guideline) was conducted across COVID-19 dedicated wards in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital (DMCH).

Methodology: Antibiotic usage data were collected from 193 patients at different COVID-19 dedicated wards at DMCH on 11 June 2020. Comparisons in antibiotic usage were made between different groups using Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact test.

Detection of Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibody in COVID-19 Patients in Bangladesh Is not Correlated with Previous Dengue Infection.

Background: The assessment of antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is potentially confounded by exposures to flaviviruses. The aims of the present research were to determine whether anti-dengue antibodies affect the viral load and the detection of anti-coronavirus nucleocapsid (N)-protein antibodies in coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Bangladesh.

Methods: Viral RNA was evaluated in swab specimens from 115 COVID-19 patients by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rT-PCR).

Epidemiological study of human rabies cases in Bangladesh through verbal autopsy.

Identification of risk factors is crucial to find ways to reduce rabies deaths. We investigated the hospital records of rabies deceased through contact tracing of the relatives of the victims using enhanced verbal autopsies (VA) to identify why the people had to die from rabies in recent years in Bangladesh. Patients whose deaths were confirmed by physicians based on the history of animal exposure and clinical signs were taken into account for VA.

Coding-Complete Genome Sequences of Three SARS-CoV-2 Strains from Bangladesh.

We report the sequencing of three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes from Bangladesh. We have identified a unique mutation (NSP2_V480I) in one of the sequenced genomes (isolate hCoV-19/Bangladesh/BCSIR-NILMRC-006/2020) compared to the sequences available in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. The data from this analysis will contribute to advancing our understanding of the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh as well as worldwide at the molecular level and will identify potential new targets for interventions.

Mapping the travel patterns of people with malaria in Bangladesh.

Background: Spread of malaria and antimalarial resistance through human movement present major threats to current goals to eliminate the disease. Bordering the Greater Mekong Subregion, southeast Bangladesh is a potentially important route of spread to India and beyond, but information on travel patterns in this area are lacking.

Methods: Using a standardised short survey tool, 2090 patients with malaria were interviewed at 57 study sites in 2015-2016 about their demographics and travel patterns in the preceding 2 months.

Trends and clinico-epidemiological features of human rabies cases in Bangladesh 2006-2018.

Vaccinating dogs against rabies is an effective means of reducing human rabies. We subjected 1327 clinically diagnosed human rabies death and mass dog vaccination (MDV) data during 2006-2018 to quantify the impacts of MDV on human rabies incidence in Bangladesh and a subset of rabies death data (422) for clinico-epidemiological analysis. A positive and increasing trend of MDV (p = 0.

Day clinic vs. hospital care of pneumonia and severe malnutrition in children under five: a randomised trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and costs of managing pneumonia and severe malnutrition in a day clinic (DC) management model (outpatient) vs. hospital care (inpatient).

Methods: Randomised clinical trial where children aged 2 months to 5 years with pneumonia and severe malnutrition were randomly allocated to DC or inpatient hospital care.

Dengue Situation in Bangladesh: An Epidemiological Shift in terms of Morbidity and Mortality.

The escalating dengue situation in Bangladesh has been emerging as a serious public health problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. Results of analysis of 40,476 cases of Bangladesh occurring during 2000-2017 indicated that 49.73% of the dengue cases occurred during the monsoon season (May-August) and 49.

Mapping imported malaria in Bangladesh using parasite genetic and human mobility data.

For countries aiming for malaria elimination, travel of infected individuals between endemic areas undermines local interventions. Quantifying parasite importation has therefore become a priority for national control programs. We analyzed epidemiological surveillance data, travel surveys, parasite genetic data, and anonymized mobile phone data to measure the spatial spread of malaria parasites in southeast Bangladesh.

An epidemic of chikungunya in northwestern Bangladesh in 2011.

Background: In November 2011, a government hospital physician in Shibganj sub-district of Bangladesh reported a cluster of patients with fever and joint pain or rash. A multi-disciplinary team investigated to characterize the outbreak; confirm the cause; and recommend control and prevention measures.

Methods: Shibganj's residents with new onset of fever and joint pain or rash between 1 September and 15 December 2011 were defined as chikungunya fever (CHIKF) suspect cases.

Outcome of Single Stage Correction of High Variety of Anorectal Malformation.

The standard treatment of high variety anorectal malformation (ARM) is the staged approach. A growing interest in one stage correction of high variety ARM was noted recently. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility, safety and outcome of single stage correction of High variety ARM.

Using focused pharmacovigilance for ensuring patient safety against antileishmanial drugs in Bangladesh's National Kala-azar Elimination Programme.

Background: Adverse effects of antileishmanial drugs can affect patients' quality of life and adherence to therapy for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). In Bangladesh, there are 26 treatment centers that manage leishmaniasis cases coming from 100 endemic upazilas (subdistricts) of 26 districts (these include VL, PKDL, treatment failure, and relapse VL and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using focused pharmacovigilance for VL (VLPV) in Bangladesh's National Kala-azar Elimination Programme for the early detection and prevention of expected and unexpected adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Molecular xenomonitoring for Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex quinquefasciatus in two districts in Bangladesh supports transmission assessment survey findings.

Background: Careful monitoring for recrudescence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection is necessary in communities where mass drug administration (MDA) for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem has been stopped. During the post-MDA period, transmission assessment surveys (TAS) are recommended by the World Health Organization to monitor the presence of the parasite in humans. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), a method by which parasite infection in the mosquito population is monitored, has also been proposed as a sensitive method to determine whether the parasite is still present in the human population.

Age-related changes in baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac autonomic tone in children mirrored by regional brain gray matter volume trajectories.

BackgroundThe baroreflex and central autonomic brain regions together control the cardiovascular system. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) decreases with age in adults. Age-related changes in brain regions for cardiovascular control in children are unknown.

The significant scale up and success of Transmission Assessment Surveys 'TAS' for endgame surveillance of lymphatic filariasis in Bangladesh: One step closer to the elimination goal of 2020.

Background: Bangladesh had one of the highest burdens of lymphatic filariasis (LF) at the start of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) with an estimated 70 million people at risk of infection across 34 districts. In total 19 districts required mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt transmission, and 15 districts were considered low endemic. Since 2001, the National LF Programme has implemented MDA, reduced prevalence, and been able to scale up the WHO standard Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) across all endemic districts as part of its endgame surveillance strategy.

Consensus Recommendation for India and Bangladesh for the Use of Pneumococcal Vaccine in Mass Gatherings with Special Reference to Hajj Pilgrims.

Respiratory tract infections are prevalent among Hajj pilgrims with pneumonia being a leading cause of hospitalization. is a common pathogen isolated from patients with pneumonia and respiratory tract infections during Hajj. There is a significant burden of pneumococcal disease in India, which can be prevented.

Reduction in malaria prevalence and increase in malaria awareness in endemic districts of Bangladesh.

Background: Malaria is endemic in 13 districts of Bangladesh. A baseline malaria prevalence survey across the endemic districts of Bangladesh was conducted in 2007, when the prevalence was reported around 39.7 per 1000 population.

Evaluation of recombinant K39 antigen and various promastigote antigens in sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh.

Background: Definitive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) by demonstrating parasites in tissue smears or by culture involves invasive procedures, technical expertise and adequate laboratory facilities. Endemic countries rely mainly on serological tests to diagnose VL. Currently, the immunochromatographic test incorporating the recombinant K39 antigen (rK39 ICT) is the reference test for rapid diagnosis of VL in the Indian subcontinent.

Comparison of Endothelial Function in Asian Indians Versus Caucasians.

Background: Asian Indians have markedly increased mortality due to coronary artery disease (CAD). Impaired endothelial function has been linked to an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events. We tested the hypothesis that endothelial function was attenuated in Asian Indians and Caucasians.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Congenital Long QT Syndrome: Implications for Increased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death.

Background: Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a familial arrhythmogenic cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization and increased risk of torsades de pointes-mediated syncope, seizures, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). QT prolongation corrected for heart rate (QTc) is an important diagnostic and prognostic feature in LQTS. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including arrhythmias and SCD.

Daytime cardiac repolarization in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been implicated in complications of cardiovascular disease, including arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Prolonged QT interval is associated with arrhythmias and SCD in patients with cardiovascular disease and apparently healthy humans. Apneic episodes during sleep in OSA patients are associated with QT prolongation due to increased vagal activity, but it is not understood whether chronic QT prolongation persists during normoxic daytime wakefulness.

Plasma renin levels and renin-blood pressure relationship in normal-weight and overweight children with obstructive sleep apnea and matched controls.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been increasingly linked to elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. Repeated night-time hypoxia in OSA is associated with activation of two critical mechanisms of BP control: the autonomic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The effects of OSA on the RAS are not well understood, especially in children.