Comparative evaluation of cranberry extract and sodium fluoride as mouth rinses on S. mutans counts in children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Background: Recently, research in the field of caries prevention is emphasizing upon identification of edible non-toxic compounds that can interfere with the formation of cariogenic biofilm.

Aim: This trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of non-dialyzable material (NDM) containing cranberry mouth rinse (C-MR) on the Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) counts and compare with that of a sodium fluoride (F-MR) mouth rinse.

Isolation and detection of bacterial species on mitis salivarius bacitracin agar from the plaque samples of caries active children.

Background: In cariology studies, mitis-salivarius-bacitracin (MSB) agar has been commonly considered as the selective medium for Streptococcusmutans growth. The present study was the part of a funded project (a noninferiority randomized controlled trial) which compared the efficacy of a plant extract-based mouth rinse with that of a fluoride mouth rinse on the S.mutans counts of the children.

Effectiveness of Smartphone App on Oral Health Knowledge, Behavior, and Practice in Child-Parent Dyads: A Pilot Study.

To evaluate the effectiveness of an oral health mobile application on the oral health knowledge, behavior, and practices (KBP) of child-parent dyads. This was a pre-post, single-arm, hospital-based pilot study. Fifty-two dyads were assessed for KBP using a self-structured questionnaire.

Silver diamine fluoride modified atraumatic restorative treatment compared to conventional restorative technique on carious primary molars-A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To compare the success of silver diamine fluoride-modified atraumatic restorative technique (SMART) with that of the conventional drill and fill method in restoring carious lesions in primary molars.

Method: Children (4-8years old) reporting to a tertiary care hospital setting with asymptomatic cavitated dentinal carious lesions in primary molars were randomly allocated to two groups; SMART and Conventional; and subsequently restored with Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). Follow-up evaluations were carried out by blinded independent evaluator at 6-months intervals to assess the status of restorations.

Unethical medical treatment and research in US territories.

In 1898, the Treaty of Paris agreement concluding the Spanish-American War gave the US rights to claim and colonize Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. Along with the many consequences of such colonization came reports of significant harm to the native populations in healthcare and medical research by the occupying forces. Reports about unethical medical treatment and research on Puerto Ricans and Filipinos have existed but are often ignored, yet they include experiments and treatment with Total Body Irradiation (TBI), research on oral contraception leading (for some) to sterilization, and careless use of contaminated vaccines on humans.

Rethinking authorship in the era of collaborative research.

The size and complexity of research teams continues to grow, especially within the realms of science and engineering. This has intensified already existing concerns about relying on traditional authorship schemes as the way to allocate credit for a contribution to a research project. In this paper, we examine current authorship problems plaguing research communities and provide suggestions for how those problems could potentially be mitigated.

Enhancing research ethics capacity in the Middle East: experience and challenges of a Fogarty-sponsored training program.

We describe the research ethics capacity needs of the countries from the Middle East region. Against this background, we relate the experience of an international training program focused on providing long-term training in research ethics to individuals from low and middle-income countries in the Middle East area. We describe our pedagogical approach to training, program changes to address challenges faced, and accomplishments of trainees.

Data audit as a way to prevent/contain misconduct.

Research misconduct is frequently in the media headlines. There is consensus among leading experts on research integrity that the prevalence of misconduct in research is at least 1%, and shoddy work may even go over 5%. Unfortunately, misconduct in research impacts all walks of life from drugs to human subject protections, innovations, economy, policy, and even our national security.

Ethical and regulatory challenges in psychophysiology and neuroscience-based technology for determining behavior.

In the past three decades, there has been an explosion in research to understand the mechanisms of brain function. Recent advances in psychophysiology and neuroscience, while still limited, have sparked great interest in developing technologies that could peer into the brain and be used to identify or indicate certain behaviors. The polygraph (lie detector) represents an old technology used for discerning clues to the human brain; functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) represents one of the newest efforts.

The myth of equipoise in phase 1 clinical trials.

Phase 1 clinical research trials using healthy volunteers are conducted for the sole purpose of serving the public good (a utilitarian concept). The literature on equipoise analysis does not exclude phase 1 trials with controls or healthy volunteers from the claim of being in "equipoise." The continued perpetuation of this ethically and scientifically invalid concept undermines the ethics of research with human subjects.

Clinical trials of drugs used off-label in neonates: ethical issues and alternative study designs.

The use of drugs for indications unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), often called "off label use, "is widespread in children, including neonates. The widespread off-label use of drugs in neonates presents ethical and safety challenges. Since the passage of the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) in 2002, both the FDA and National Institutes of Health (NIH) have taken initiatives to facilitate and encourage research to achieve the necessary labeling for drugs routinely used in infants and children.

How should adverse events be reported in US clinical trials?: ethical considerations.

Research with human subjects, including clinical trials, forms the cornerstone of the development of knowledge on the safety and efficacy of potential drugs and devices. During the conduct of clinical trials, human subjects may experience adverse events ranging from trivial side effects such as mild discomfort to severe complications, including death. Three of the regulatory criteria set forth in the 45 Code of Federal Regulations 46.