Erythropoietin Administration for Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease - Subcutaneous OR Intravenous, What Do We Know So Far?

The prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is almost twice that of the normal population and its severity increases exponentially as the disease worsens, dramatically affecting the quality of an individual's life. The advent of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) in the 1980s saw a revolutionary change in the treatment of anemia in CKD patients, drastically improving quality of life (QoL), overall health and reducing the need for blood transfusions. Numerous ESAs have been developed ever since and are in current use, with the primary routes of administration being intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) injections.

Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism in Two Siblings Living in Sindh, Pakistan: A Case Report.

Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 2 (MOPD2) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that presents as a myriad of skeletal abnormalities collectively termed as osteodysplasia, which have their onset during intrauterine life with the fetus exhibiting intrauterine growth restriction. Affected individuals also tend to have a very small head size that is more than three standard deviations (SD) below the mean for a population termed microcephalic. The growth problems progress postnatally, causing stunted growth or short stature.

Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Resident of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Presenting to Civil Hospital Karachi: A Case Report.

Despite being prevalent in the cities of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir in north-eastern Pakistan, diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis for doctors in Pakistan can be an arduous task. We present here, a case of a five-year-old boy, who presented to us with a history of intermittent, high-grade fever, abdominal pain that was localized to the left side and abdominal distention as well as pallor for the past two and a half months. The child also developed measles in the week before presenting to us at Civil Hospital Karachi.