The heterologous expression of novel recombinant protein composed of HN and F moieties of Newcastle disease virus and immunogenicity evaluation in mouse model.

Background And Objectives: The rapid spread of Newcastle disease (ND), driven by extensive commercial exchange in the poultry industry, necessitates urgent preventive measures. Although effective vaccines against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been used since 1940, recent outbreaks and the limitations of current vaccines highlight the need for improved solutions. Advances in synthetic biology, reverse vaccinology, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA technology over the past 20 years have led to the development of recombinant vaccines, which offer enhanced protection and broader immunogenic coverage against NDV.

Study of Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Histopathology of Target Tissues Following Newcastle Clone12IR Vaccine Administration in SPF Chickens.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting poultry production in many countries. Strict biosecurity and the administration of live attenuated vaccines against the ND virus (NDV) are the main implements of controlling programs. This study evaluated the efficacy and potency of the Razi Clone12IR Newcastle vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens.

Effects of ultra-filtration purification of infectious bursal disease virus on immune responses and cytokine activation in specific pathogen free chickens.

Purification is an important step in the production of viral vaccines that strongly affects product recovery and subsequent immune responses. The present study was carried out with the aim of improving the purification of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) by the tangential flow filtration (TFF) method. Then, the effect of the purified virus on the induction of immune responses against IBDV in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens was investigated.

Down-regulating CD19 surface markers expression correlates with infectious bursal disease virus replication.

The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an acute and highly contagious immunosuppressive response in young chickens by targeting B lymphocytes in immune organs. Changes in regulatory T-cell ratio and apoptosis have been demonstrated during IBDV infection in these cells. The possible change in CD19 expression as the precursor of B cells after IBDV replication was detected in this study.

SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific mRNA Vaccine: Pros and Cons.

Emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have raised concerns about the efficacy of vaccines. The present study aimed to compare the potential of Delta and Omicron variant-specific mRNA vaccines in inducing immune responses. B cell and T cell epitopes and population coverage of spike (S) glycoprotein of the variants were predicted using the Immune Epitope Database.

A Novel Multi-Epitope Edible Vaccine Candidate for Newcastle Disease Virus: Approach.

Background: Newcastle disease, is one of the most important illnesses in the aviculture industry which shows a constant threat. In this case, the vaccine could be considered an important solution to prevent and control this disease. So, the development of a new and more effective vaccine against Newcastle disease is an urgent need.

A Combination of Recombinant HA1-and Nucleoprotein-Based Chitosan Nanoparticles Induces Early and Potent Immune Responses Against the H9N2 Influenza Virus.

The effectiveness of inactivated H9N2 influenza vaccines is doubtful due to changes in antigenic regions of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein. One strategy for the development of the efficacious vaccine is the use of nanoparticles that display more immunogenic regions of the influenza virus. In this study, chitosan (CS)-based nanoparticles were developed as a delivery system for intranasal immunization using recombinant H9N2 virus HA1 and nucleoprotein (NP), for the induction of humoral and cellular responses.

Modulation of Immune Responses Against HA1 Influenza Vaccine Candidate by B-lymphocyte Stimulator Cytokine in Mice.

Utilizing subunit vaccines is one of the strategies to address influenza infection. Recent innovations have focused on high doses of vaccine antigens and immune enhancers or adjuvant to induce more robust and long-lasting immune responses. Here, an effect of the B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) to increase the magnitude and durability of immune responses of the recombinant HA1 (rHA1) protein against the H1N1 influenza virus was studied.

Evaluation of cellular and humoral immune response in chickens immunized with flagellin-adjuvanted inactivated newcastle disease virus.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effect of flagellin as adjuvant in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine on the cellular and humoral immunity in chickens. Fifty-six specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to seven groups of eight chickens and immunized twice with a two-week interval, intramuscularly. Group 1, received phosphate buffered saline as control (C), groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were immunized with inactivated NDV [Ag], Ag + full FliC protein [AgF], Ag + truncated Flic protein [AgT], Ag + native Flic protein [AgN], commercial NDV vaccine [Vac] and Vac + N [VacN], respectively.

Tween 80 improves the infectivity of BCL1 cell-adapted infectious bursal disease virus.

Non-ionic surfactants have the ability to alter the cell membrane's permeability for enhancing virus replication. The impact of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 (TW80) on the infectivity of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was studied in BCL1 cells. The toxicity of different concentrations of TW80 for BCL1 cells was determined for five-time passages.

Comparison of flagellin and an oil-emulsion adjuvant in inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine in stimulation of immunogenic parameters.

The present study was designed to investigate the potential application of native (N) and recombinant (truncated modified [tmFliC] and full-length [flFliC]) flagellin proteins along with inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Fifty six SPF chickens were immunized twice with PBS (control), inactivated NDV (Ag), inactivated NDV/flFliC (AgF), inactivated NDV/tmFliC (AgT), inactivated NDV/N (AgN), commercial vaccine containing Montanide (Vac) and Vac/N (VacN), with a two-week interval. Blood was collected weekly and spleens were harvested after chickens were sacrificed.

Isolation, identification and chemical inactivation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus for use as a vaccine candidate.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a poultry respiratory disease associated with considerable mortality in chicken and decreasing egg production. Vaccination along with biosecurity measures are considered as the main strategy for ILT control. This study was aimed to evaluate the potency of an inactive ILT vaccine candidate derived from a local ILTV isolate.

The Immunogenicity of a Novel Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase-Fusion Antigen from Newcastle Disease Virus by Oral Delivery of Transgenic Canola Seeds to Chickens.

Newcastle disease (ND) is considered as one of the most devastating infectious diseases targeting domestic birds and has considerable threat to the commercial poultry production. Two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F), act as antigens in the virus structure and also play important roles in infecting host cells. In the current study, the expression of the chimeric HN-F protein in canola seeds and its immunogenicity in chickens were investigated.

Immunogenicity of the Multi-Epitopic Recombinant Glycoproteins of Newcastle Disease Virus: Implications for the Serodiagnosis Applications.

Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a dangerous viral disease, infecting a broad range of birds, and has a fatal effect on the poultry industries. The attachment and consequently fusion of the virus to the host cell membrane is directed by the two superficial glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion (F) which is considered as the important targets for the poultry immune response.

Objectives: The principal goal of this investigation was to realize the potential efficacy of the expression system for the production of the multi-epitopic HN, and F proteins with respect to the ability for the stimulation of the immune system and production of the cross-reactive antibodies in mice.

TIR-TLR7 as a Molecular Adjuvant: Simultaneous Enhancing Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Against Inactivated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus.

Despite the robust induction of humoral immune responses, a limitation of many adjuvants is their weak stimulation of cellular immunity. The development of synthetic gene-encoding adjuvants for simultaneous induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses is under study. In this study, we examined the impact of toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) as molecular adjuvants on potency of inactivated infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines.

Improvement Efficacy of Influenza Nanovaccine in Combination with Hemokinin-1 Molecular Adjuvant.

Background: H9N2 avian influenza viruses have the potential to become the next human pandemic threat and next generation vaccine technologies are needed. Current studies introduce nanoparticles as a proper vaccine delivery vehicle for induction of protective immunity. In this study, the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticle-based H9N2 influenza vaccine with and without hemokinin-1 (HK-1) as a molecular adjuvant to induce protective immunity against the virus was examined.

Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By .

(elder) are broadly used species to treat microbial infections. The potential antiviral activity and mechanism action of elder fruit (EF) in human epithelium cell (A549) cultures infected with H9N2 influenza virus were determined. The effect of various concentrations of EF on influenza virus replication was examined by using virus titration, quantitative real time RT-PCR, fusion and lipid raft assays following two treatment procedures: A) pre-treated H9N2 virus with each concentration of EF extract and transfection of A549 cell cultures, and B) each concentrations of EF was added to H9N2 virus infected-cell cultures following virus adsorption.

Improvement influenza HA2 DNA vaccine cellular and humoral immune responses with Mx bio adjuvant.

Immunization with DNA vaccines as a novel alternative to conventional vaccination strategy requires adjuvant for improving vaccine efficacy. The conserved immunogenic HA2 subunit, which harbors neutralizing epitopes is a promising vaccine candidate against influenza viruses. In this study, for the first time we explore the idea of using host interferon inducible Mx protein to increase the immunogenicity of HA2 H9N2 influenza DNA vaccine.

Expression of Factor X in BHK-21 Cells Promotes Low Pathogenic Influenza Viruses Replication.

A cDNA clone for factor 10 (FX) isolated from chicken embryo inserted into the mammalian cell expression vector pCDNA3.1 was transfected into the baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell line. The generated BHK-21 cells with inducible expression of FX were used to investigate the efficacy of the serine transmembrane protease to proteolytic activation of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) with monobasic cleavage site.

In Silico Analysis of HA2/Mx Chimera Peptide for Developing an Adjuvanted Vaccine to Induce Immune Responses Against Influenza Viruses.

Purpose: The direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to human and increasing drug resisted strains posing new threats for public health. Therefore, development of efficient vaccines is needed to generate protective and persistent immunity to the viruses.

Methods: Three motifs of Mx protein sequence in human, mouse and poultry located in interferon induced (GTP ase) domain were candidate as biologic adjuvant for enhancing the immune responses against influenza virus.

Design of a heterosubtypic epitope-based peptide vaccine fused with hemokinin-1 against influenza viruses.

Influenza viruses continue to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for public health. Control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on vaccination and chemoprophylaxis with approved antiviral drugs. Identification of specific epitopes derived from influenza viruses has significantly advanced the development of epitope-based vaccines.

Necrotic Response to Low Pathogenic H9N2 Influenza Virus in Chicken Hepatoma Cells.

Background: Limited knowledge about the molecular mechanism of avian influenza H9N2 virus pathogenicity in birds as well as human hosts has limited the development of effective control against the disease. To overcome this issue detailed understanding of the infectious characteristics of the virus in host cells should be obtained.

Objectives: In this study we examined the replication kinetics of H9N2 virus in a chicken hepatoma cell line to obtain insight into the pathogenesis of H9N2 viruses.

Apoptotic response of chicken embryonic fibroblast cells to infectious bursal disease virus infections reflects viral pathogenicity.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces immunodeficiency in young chickens and apoptosis in chicken embryos. To understand the relation between the viral pathogenesis and the induction of cell death, chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells were infected with IBDV intermediate (im) and very virulent (vv) strains at different MOIs. The cell viability and DNA fragmentation were evaluated in infected cells.

Dose- and time-dependent apoptosis induced by avian H9N2 influenza virus in human cells.

To understand human response to avian H9N2 influenza, we investigated the effects of the viral infection on A549, HepG2, and HeLa cells at low and high MOIs. To identify virus-host interplay, expression of Mx and NP genes was measured in the cells supernatants. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT assay, DNA fragmentation, and florescent staining.