The global Halal food market is forecast to reach US$1.67 trillion by 2025, growing to meet the dietary demands of a rapidly increasing Muslim population, set to comprise 30% of the global population by mid-century. Meat consumption levels are increasing in many Muslim countries, with important implications for health and environmental sustainability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Indian Inst Sci
September 2020
The Covid-19 pandemic has raised awareness of future biological threats, how we can prepare and develop mitigation strategies. Technology has allowed us to quickly identify the pathogen, map its evolution in real time and develop scores of vaccines within months. This review looks at disease threats from a perspective of human development, and the futuristic technologies that may help in the fight.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn this recommendation, we update our 2016 table of reference sequences of subtypes of hepatitis E virus (HEV; species , family ) for which complete genome sequences are available (Smith ., 2016). This takes into account subsequent publications describing novel viruses and additional proposals for subtype names; there are now eight genotypes and 36 subtypes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFResearch and innovation are growing in India with significant investments being made towards institutions, researchers and research infrastructure. Although still under 1% of GDP, funding for science and technology in India has increased each year for over two decades. There is also increasing realization that public funding for research should be supplemented with that from industry and philanthropy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHepatitis E virus (HEV) infects several animal species that act as zoonotic reservoirs for viral transmission. Solid and liquid residues from infected animals could lead to HEV contamination of food and surface waters. Evidence of human HEV infection through ingestion of seafood (shellfish, mussels) has been reported.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe nomenclature of hepatitis E virus (HEV) subtypes is inconsistent and makes comparison of different studies problematic. We have provided a table of proposed complete genome reference sequences for each subtype. The criteria for subtype assignment vary between different genotypes and methodologies, and so a conservative pragmatic approach has been favoured.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAim: To study host gene expression and number of immune cells in liver tissues from patients with fulminant hepatitis E (FH-E).
Methods: Microarray-based expression profiling was done using Illumina Human WG-6_v3_BeadChip arrays on post-mortem liver tissue from 5 patients with FH-E, and compared with similar tissue from 6 patients with fulminant hepatitis B (FH-B; disease controls) and normal liver tissue from 6 persons. Differential expression was defined as ≥ 2.
The emergence of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) together with reports of co-infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has renewed interest to better understand the intricate mechanisms prevalent during co-infections. In this study we report a synergistic effect of M.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) promotes viral replication and progression to AIDS. Besides its well-studied effects on intracellular signaling, Nef also functions through its secretion in exosomes, which are nanovesicles containing proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs and are important for intercellular communication. Nef expression enhances exosome secretion and these exosomes can enter uninfected CD4 T cells leading to apoptotic death.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA majority of the human genome is transcribed into noncoding RNAs, of which the functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are poorly understood. Many host proteins and RNAs have been characterized for their roles in HIV/AIDS pathogenesis, but there is only one lncRNA, NEAT1, which is shown to affect the HIV-1 life cycle. We profiled 90 disease-related lncRNAs and found NRON (noncoding repressor of Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells [NFAT]) to be one of several lncRNAs whose expression was significantly altered following HIV-1 infection.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes large outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries. In the developed world, HEV occurrence has increased as a result of zoonotic transmission from swine. The cellular aspects of HEV infection, especially the determinants of entry, are poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Latent reservoirs of HIV-1 provide a major challenge to its cure. There are increasing reports of interplay between HIV-1 replication and host miRNAs. Several host miRNAs, which potentially target the nef-3'LTR region of HIV-1 RNA, including miR-29a, are proposed to promote latency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRedox signaling plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). The majority of HIV redox research relies on measuring redox stress using invasive technologies, which are unreliable and do not provide information about the contributions of subcellular compartments. A major technological leap emerges from the development of genetically encoded redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins (roGFPs), which provide sensitive and compartment-specific insights into redox homeostasis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe viral protein U (Vpu) encoded by HIV-1 has been shown to assist in the detachment of virion particles from infected cells. Vpu forms cation-specific ion channels in host cells, and has been proposed as a potential drug target. An understanding of the mechanism of ion transport through Vpu is desirable, but remains limited because of the unavailability of an experimental structure of the channel.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe family Hepeviridae consists of positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian species, as well as chickens and trout. A subset of these viruses infects humans and can cause a self-limiting acute hepatitis that may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. Current published descriptions of the taxonomical divisions within the family Hepeviridae are contradictory in relation to the assignment of species and genotypes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The surrogate markers of HIV/AIDS progression include CD4 T cell count and plasma viral load. But, their reliability has been questioned in patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Five microRNAs (miRNAs) - miR-16, miR-146b-5p, miR-150, miR-191 and miR-223 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were earlier found to assign HIV/AIDS patients into groups with varying CD4 T cell counts and viral loads.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: The HIV Nef protein is a multifunctional virulence factor that perturbs intracellular membranes and signalling and is secreted into exosomes. While Nef-containing exosomes have a distinct proteomic profile, no comprehensive analysis of their miRNA cargo has been carried out. Since Nef functions as a viral suppressor of RNA interference and disturbs the distribution of RNA-induced silencing complex proteins between cells and exosomes, we hypothesized that it might also affect the export of miRNAs into exosomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground And Aims: Patients with liver disease infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibit accelerated progression of hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis compared to uninfected individuals. We studied the effects of soluble factors secreted by HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central mediators of liver fibrosis.
Methods: An in vitro model was used in which a HSC line, LX2, was treated with culture supernatants of human PBMCs infected with macrophage tropic (R5) or T cell tropic (X4) strains of HIV-1.
There is faster progression to fibrosis in persons with liver injury who are also infected with HIV. Other reports have suggested that HIV can directly infect and activate stellate cells, and the viral Tat and gp160 proteins also induce profibrogenic factors from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We tested the role of HIV-1 Vpu accessory protein in promoting profibrogenic activation of hepatic stellate cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Vpu protein is 81 residues long and has two cytoplasmic and one transmembrane (TM) helical domains. The TM domain oligomerizes to form a monovalent cation selective ion channel and facilitates viral release from host cells. Exactly how many TM domains oligomerize to form the pore is still not understood, with experimental studies indicating the existence of a variety of oligomerization states.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF© LitMetric 2025. All rights reserved.