Physiological and biochemical assortment in different wheat genotypes ( L.) under rain fed conditions.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most extensively cultivated cereal crop in the world; however, its growth and development are affected by different types of biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the physico-chemical diversity in different wheat genotypes under rain-fed conditions.

Chimeric oligosaccharide conjugate induces opsonic antibodies against serotypes 19A and 19F.

19A (ST19A) and 19F (ST19F) are among the prevalent serotypes causing pneumococcal disease worldwide even after introduction of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines have defined chemical structures rather than isolated polysaccharide mixtures utilized in marketed vaccines. Ideally, a minimal number of synthetic antigens would cover as many bacterial serotypes to lower cost of goods and minimize the response to carrier proteins.

Total Synthesis of Tri-, Hexa- and Heptasaccharidic Substructures of the O-Polysaccharide of Providencia rustigianii O34.

A general and efficient strategy for synthesis of tri-, hexa- and heptasaccharidic substructures of the lipopolysaccharide of Providencia rustigianii O34 is described. For the heptasaccharide seven different building blocks were employed. Special features of the structures are an α-linked galactosamine and the two embedded α-fucose units, which are either branched at positions-3 and -4 or further linked at their 2-position.

Synthesis of Two Tetrasaccharide Pentenyl Glycosides Related to the Pectic Rhamnogalacturonan I Polysaccharide.

The synthesis of two protected tetrasaccharide pentenyl glycosides with diarabinan and digalactan branching related to the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I is reported. The strategy relies on the coupling of -phenyl trifluoroacetimidate disaccharide donors to a common rhamnosyl acceptor. The resulting trisaccharide thioglycosides were finally coupled to an -pentenyl galactoside acceptor to access the two protected branched tetrasaccharides.

Synthesis of branched and linear 1,4-linked galactan oligosaccharides.

We report the synthesis of linear and branched (1→4)-d-galactans. Four tetrasaccharides and one pentasaccharide were accessed by adopting a procedure of regioselective ring opening of a 4,6-O-naphthylidene protecting group followed by glycosylation using phenyl thioglycoside donors. The binding of the linear pentasaccharide with galectin-3 is also investigated by the determination of a co-crystal structure.

Size, Kinetics, and Free Energy of Clusters Formed by Ultraweak Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Bonds.

Weak noncovalent intermolecular interactions play a pivotal role in many biological processes such as cell adhesion or immunology, where the overall binding strength is controlled through bond association and dissociation dynamics as well as the cooperative action of many parallel bonds. Among the various molecules participating in weak bonds, carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions are probably the most ancient ones allowing individual cells to reversibly enter the multicellular state and to tell apart self and nonself cells. Here, we scrutinized the kinetics and thermodynamics of small homomeric Lewis X-Lewis X ensembles formed in the contact zone of a membrane-coated colloidal probe and a solid supported membrane ensuring minimal nonspecific background interactions.

Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of some commonly used medicinal plants against lipid per-oxidation in mice brain.

Background: The present study compares the protective properties of aqueous extracts of six medicinal plants, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula (black and yellow), Terminalia arjuna, Balsamodendron Mukul and Alium sativum against lipid per-oxidation in mice brain.

Methods: The antioxidant activities were analyzed by lipid per-oxidation assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, total antioxidant activity and metal chelation.

Results: The extracts (fruits and bark) showed inhibition against thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) induced by pro-oxidant (10 µM FeSO4) in mice brain.

The anti-arthritic and immune-modulatory effects of NHAG: a novel glucosamine analogue in adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is potentially devastating condition which lacks good treatment options. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1 β ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), and oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide (NO) and peroxide (PO) are mediators of RA pathogenesis. In the present study N-[2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]acrylamide (NHAG), analogue of glucosamine, was evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritic model of rats.

Syntheses of 1,2-annulated and 1-spiroannulated carbohydrate derivatives: recent developments.

A variety of different strategies has been used for the 1,2-annulation and the 1-spiroannulation of further rings to monosaccharides. This short review presents some recent methods to access such structures involving radical chemistry, cycloadditions, Michael reactions and metal-catalyzed transformations.

Anti-arthritic effect of GN1, a novel synthetic analog of glucosamine, in the collagen-induced arthritis model in rats.

Objective: Glucosamine is a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide that maintains the elasticity and strength of the cartilage tissues. It has been used to treat osteoarthritis in humans; however, in severe conditions of inflammation and pain, glucosamine alone is not enough, and it is important to improve its biological activity. Our research group has recently taken an interest in the synthetic manipulation of amino sugars to develop some efficient pharmacophores, e.

From furan to molecular stairs: syntheses, structural properties, and theoretical investigations of oligocyclic oligoacetals.

The synthesis of oligocyclic oligoacetals using five-membered rings as repetitive unit is described. Furan was used as the starting material, which is converted by a three-step procedure consisting of twofold cyclopropanation, reduction, and oxidative ring enlargement into a tricyclic bis(enol ether). A repetition of this synthetic procedure leads to the formation of extended oligoacetal systems.