Out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its determinants among Iranian households with elderly members: a double-hurdle model.

Objectives: The population of older adults continues to grow in Iran, with pharmaceutical costs as a leading driver of household health-related costs. The present study was conducted to estimate the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its socioeconomic predictors among households with the elderly in Iran.

Method: This study is a secondary analysis using 2019 national household expenditure and income survey data in Iran.

Association of carbapenem and multidrug resistance with the expression of efflux pump-encoding genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.

Efflux pumps play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The present study aimed to assess the expression of the MexAB-OprM, MexCD-OprJ, MexEF-OprN, and MexXY-OprM efflux pumps in carbapenem-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical specimens between June 2019 and January 2022 in Ardabil city.

Factors affecting the technical efficiency of rural primary health care centers in Hamadan, Iran: data envelopment analysis and Tobit regression.

Background: Studying and monitoring the efficiency of primary health care centers has a special place in the health system. Although studies have been conducted in the field of efficiency in Iran, few have focused on rural primary health care centers. In addition, previous studies have not used the child mortality rate and Behvarzes as input and output.