Open-Circuit Voltage ( ) Enhancement in TiO-Based DSSCs: Incorporation of ZnO Nanoflowers and Au Nanoparticles.

An important reason for the relatively low efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is the low open-circuit voltage ( ) of about 0.7 V for a standard solar cell with a dye that has an absorption onset at 1.6 eV.