Oral administration of crocin reverses memory loss induced by ethanol and nicotine abstinence in adolescent male rats.

Purpose: Regarding a wide variety of researches conducted with various therapeutic effect of crocin, the main constituent of saffron, the current study aims to assess the efficacy of crocin to improve learning and memory impairment caused by withdrawal following concurrent usage of ethanol (Eth) and nicotine (Nic) in adolescent male rats.

Methods: In order to test memory fucntion, Morris water maze and passive avoidance methods were applied in male Wistar rats undergone adolescent Nic-Eth withdrawal and the effect of crocin treatment was assessed at both behavioral and biochemical levels. The biochemical parameters included the inflammatory cytokines, indicators of oxidative stress and cholinergic metabolism within the hippocampla tissues.

Predictors of tobacco use among pregnant women: a large-scale, retrospective study.

Objective: To investigate the predictors of smoking among pregnant women in Iran, focusing on health literacy and associated socioeconomic factors.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 103,042 pregnant women aged 18-45 years who attended healthcare centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for routine prenatal and postnatal checkups between 2017 and 2020. Data were collected from the Sina Electronic Health Record System (SinaEHR), which recorded sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and lifestyle behaviors, including tobacco use.