Adipose tissue angiogenesis genes are down-regulated by grape polyphenols supplementation during a human overfeeding trial.

The adaptive response to overfeeding is associated with profound modifications of gene expression in adipose tissue to support lipid storage and weight gain. The objective of this study was to assess in healthy lean men whether a supplementation with polyphenols could interact with these molecular adaptations. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were sampled from 42 subjects participating to an overfeeding protocol providing an excess of 50% of their total energy expenditure for 31 days, and who were supplemented with 2 g/day of grape polyphenols or a placebo.

Effect of acute iron infusion on insulin secretion: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Chronic exposure to high iron levels increases diabetes risk partly by inducing oxidative stress, but the consequences of acute iron administration on beta cells are unknown. We tested whether the acute administration of iron for the correction of iron deficiency influenced insulin secretion and the production of reactive oxygen species.

Methods: Single-center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted between June 2017 and March 2020.

Effect of a high fructose diet on metabolic parameters in carriers for hereditary fructose intolerance.

Background & Aims: Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that asymptomatic carriers for hereditary fructose intolerance (OMIM 22960) would have increased uric acid and altered component of the metabolic syndrome when exposed to fructose overfeeding.

Methods: Six heterozygotes for HFI (hHFI) and 6 controls (Ctrl) were studied in a randomized, controlled, crossover trial.

Effect of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on hemodynamic responses to acute stress: a randomized crossover trial in healthy women.

Background: The mechanisms by which chronic stress increases the risk of non-communicable diseases remain poorly understood. On one hand, chronic stress may increase systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and blood pressure, which may lead to blood vessels injury and altered myocardial perfusion. On the other hand, chronic stress may promote the overconsumption of sugar-containing foods and favor obesity.

Effects of gastric bypass surgery on postprandial gut and systemic lipid handling.

Background & Objectives: Obesity is often associated with increased postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations, mainly from chylomicrons- and VLDL-TG. These alterations are usually reverted to normal after gastric bypass surgery (GB), through mechanisms which remain unknown. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the contribution of exogenous labelled fatty acids ingested with a meal to postprandial blood chylomicrons and VLDL-TG concentrations after GB.

The extra-splanchnic fructose escape after ingestion of a fructose-glucose drink: An exploratory study in healthy humans using a dual fructose isotope method.

Background & Aims: The presence of specific fructose transporters and fructose metabolizing enzymes has now been demonstrated in the skeletal muscle, brain, heart, adipose tissue and many other tissues. This suggests that fructose may be directly metabolized and play physiological or pathophysiological roles in extra-splanchnic tissues. Yet, the proportion of ingested fructose reaching the systemic circulation is generally not measured.

3D Chemical Shift-Encoded MRI for Volume and Composition Quantification of Abdominal Adipose Tissue During an Overfeeding Protocol in Healthy Volunteers.

Background: Overweight and obesity are major worldwide health concerns characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fat in adipose tissue (AT) and liver.

Purpose: To evaluate the volume and the fatty acid (FA) composition of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the fat content in the liver from 3D chemical-shift-encoded (CSE)-MRI acquisition, before and after a 31-day overfeeding protocol.

Study Type: Prospective and longitudinal study.

Adipose Tissue Expansion by Overfeeding Healthy Men Alters Iron Gene Expression.

Context: Iron overload has been associated with greater adipose tissue (AT) depots. We retrospectively studied the potential interactions between iron and AT during an experimental overfeeding in participants without obesity.

Methods: Twenty-six participants (mean body mass index ± SD, 24.

Breath acetone as a marker of energy balance: an exploratory study in healthy humans.

An exploratory study was performed on eight healthy volunteers to assess how short-term changes in energy balance and dietary carbohydrate content impact breath acetone concentrations. Participants were studied on three occasions: on each occasion, they remained fasted and in resting conditions during the first 2 h to assess basal breath acetone and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB). During the next 6 h, they remained fasted on one occasion (F), or were fed hourly high carbohydrate (HC) or low-carbohydrate (LC) meals to induce a positive energy balance on the other two occasions.

Comparison of MRI-derived vs. traditional estimations of fatty acid composition from MR spectroscopy signals.

Introduction: The composition of fatty acids in the body is gaining increasing interest, and can be followed up noninvasively by quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). However, current MRS quantification methods have been shown to provide different quantitative results in terms of lipid signals, with possible varying outcomes for a given biological examination. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging using multigradient echo sequence (MGE-MRI) has recently been added to MRS approaches.

A Predictive Model of Weight Loss After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass up to 5 Years After Surgery: a Useful Tool to Select and Manage Candidates to Bariatric Surgery.

Introduction: Different factors, such as age, gender, preoperative weight but also the patient's motivation, are known to impact outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). Weight loss prediction is helpful to define realistic expectations and maintain motivation during follow-up, but also to select good candidates for surgery and limit failures. Therefore, developing a realistic predictive tool appears interesting.

The Impact of Caloric and Non-Caloric Sweeteners on Food Intake and Brain Responses to Food: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial in Healthy Humans.

Whether non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption impacts food intake behavior in humans is still unclear. Discrepant sensory and metabolic signals are proposed to mislead brain regulatory centers, in turn promoting maladaptive food choices favoring weight gain. We aimed to assess whether ingestion of sucrose- and NNS-sweetened drinks would differently alter brain responses to food viewing and food intake.

Ghrelin concentration as an indicator of eating-disorder risk in obese women.

Aim: Eating disorders (EDs), disordered eating (DE) and obesity are thought to have overlapping aetiological processes. DE in obesity can jeopardize weight-loss results, and acyl ghrelin (AG) is a hormone that stimulates food intake and reward processes. The main study objective was to determine whether higher-than-expected concentrations of AG in common obesity are associated with DE symptoms.

Fructose use in clinical nutrition: metabolic effects and potential consequences.

Purpose Of Review: The current article presents recent findings on the metabolic effects of fructose.

Recent Findings: Fructose has always been considered as a simple 'caloric' hexose only metabolized by splanchnic tissues. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that fructose acts as a second messenger and induces effects throughout the human body.

Odd Chain Fatty Acids; New Insights of the Relationship Between the Gut Microbiota, Dietary Intake, Biosynthesis and Glucose Intolerance.

Recent findings have shown an inverse association between circulating C15:0/C17:0 fatty acids with disease risk, therefore, their origin needs to be determined to understanding their role in these pathologies. Through combinations of both animal and human intervention studies, we comprehensively investigated all possible contributions of these fatty acids from the gut-microbiota, the diet, and novel endogenous biosynthesis. Investigations included an intestinal germ-free study and a C15:0/C17:0 diet dose response study.

Fructose overfeeding in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients impacts energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle.

Scope: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a high-fructose diet (HFrD) on skeletal muscle transcriptomic response in healthy offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes, a subgroup of individuals prone to metabolic disorders.

Methods And Results: Ten healthy normal weight first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients were submitted to a HFrD (+3.5 g fructose/kg fat-free mass per day) during 7 days.

Plasma acyl-ghrelin increases after meal initiation: a new insight.

Background/objectives: Plasma ghrelin secretion over time in humans is characterized by pre-prandial increases and by post-prandial decreases all day long. However, some authors who measured ghrelin concentrations around meals showed a rise in plasma ghrelin concentration after meal initiation followed by the typical post-prandial decrease. In order to confirm this observation that has never been discussed, we described ghrelin profiles around four eating episodes in the morning in adult men.

Regulation of energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle during lipid overfeeding in healthy men.

Context/objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulation of the fuel partitioning and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle during lipid overfeeding in healthy men. Design/Participants/Intervention: Thirty-nine healthy volunteers were overfed for 56 days with a high-fat diet (3180 kJ/d). Energy metabolism (indirect calorimetry) was characterized in the fasting state and during a test meal before and at the end of the diet.

Effects of a breakfast spread out over time on the food intake at lunch and the hormonal responses in obese men.

The effects of frequent eating on health and particularly on appetite and metabolism are unclear. We have previously shown that frequent eating decreased appetite and energy intake at the subsequent meal in lean men. In the present study, we tested the same pattern in obese subjects.

An isocaloric increase of eating episodes in the morning contributes to decrease energy intake at lunch in lean men.

The effects of increasing eating frequency on human health are unclear. This study used an integrated approach to assess the short-term consequences on appetite and metabolism. Twenty normal-weight men participated in: (i) two sessions consisting of a breakfast consumed in one eating episode at T0 (F1), or in four isocaloric eating episodes at T0, T60, T120, and T180 min (F4), and followed by an ecological ad libitum buffet meal (T240) designed in an experimental restaurant.