Publications by authors named "Seyi Eletu"

Background: With higher valency pneumococcal vaccines on the horizon and new adult immunisation strategies under discussion, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of individual pneumococcal serotypes to the burden of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Over 10 years, trends in pneumococcal pneumonia epidemiology in adults hospitalised with CAP were assessed. The risk factors and severity associated with serotype 3 were examined.

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Background: Pneumococcal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially at the extremes of age and in those with underlying conditions. Little is known about the risks, presentations or outcomes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) during pregnancy or the postpartum period.

Methods: The UK Health Security Agency conducts enhanced national surveillance of IPD in England.

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Article Synopsis
  • The UK shifted to a 1+1 infant immunization schedule for the PCV13 vaccine starting January 1, 2020, and a study analyzed its impact on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children aged 0-3 years.
  • A comparison was made between a birth cohort eligible for the new 1+1 schedule and historical cohorts under the previous 2+1 schedule, examining various metrics like incidence rates and clinical outcomes.
  • Findings showed no significant differences in IPD incidence, disease characteristics, or outcomes between the 1+1 and 2+1 cohorts after three years, indicating the new schedule did not adversely affect health outcomes in eligible children.
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Objectives: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for nasopharyngeal and oral pneumococcal carriage in adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and the relationship between carried and disease-causing serotypes.

Methods: Between 2016 and 2018, nasopharyngeal swabs, oral-fluid, and urine were collected from hospitalised adults recruited into a prospective cohort study of CAP. Pneumococcal carriage was detected by semi-quantitative real-time PCR of direct and culture-enriched nasopharyngeal swabs and culture-enriched oral-fluid.

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Article Synopsis
  • Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines have decreased Hib disease globally, but some European countries are seeing a rise in invasive cases, prompting a study in England to analyze trends over 11 years.
  • The UK Health Security Agency conducted national surveillance, reporting 6881 invasive infections from 2012 to 2023, with 2% being Hib cases, primarily affecting adults (median age 51) and leading to bacteraemic pneumonia in most instances.
  • The study concluded that while invasive Hib disease remains rare in England, it primarily impacts adults with pre-existing conditions, with a low case-fatality rate and no significant increase in overall incidence.
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Article Synopsis
  • The UK shifted to a 1 + 1 infant immunisation schedule for pneumococcal disease with the PCV13 vaccine in January 2020, which aligned with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to an analysis of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) trends from 2017 to 2023.
  • In the 2022-23 financial year, there were 4,598 confirmed cases of IPD, marking a 14% decrease compared to 2019-20, though cases in children under 15 rose by 34%, while cases in adults dropped by 17%.
  • The proportion of IPD cases caused by PCV13-type serotypes grew from
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Background: Higher-valency pneumococcal vaccines are anticipated. We aimed to describe serotype distribution and risk factors for vaccine-serotype community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the two years pre-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults hospitalised with CAP at three UK sites between 2018 and 2020.

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Background: Despite strong historical records on the accuracy of saliva testing, oral fluids are considered poorly suited for pneumococcal carriage detection. We evaluated an approach for carriage surveillance and vaccine studies that increases the sensitivity and specificity of pneumococcus and pneumococcal serotype detection in saliva samples.

Methods: Quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based methods were applied to detect pneumococcus and pneumococcal serotypes in 971 saliva samples collected from 653 toddlers and 318 adults.

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Current serological diagnosis of pertussis is usually performed by ELISA, which is typically performed in larger diagnostic or reference laboratories, requires trained staff, and due to sample batching may have longer turnaround times. A rapid point-of-care (POC) assay for pertussis serology would aid in both the diagnosis and surveillance of the disease. A quantitative lateral flow (LF)-based immunoassay with fluorescent Eu-nanoparticle reporters was developed for the detection of anti-pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) antibodies from oral fluid samples (=100), from suspected pertussis cases with respiratory symptoms.

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During July-December 2021, after COVID-19 restrictions were removed in England, invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in children <15 years of age was higher (1.96/100,000 children) than during the same period in 2020 (0.7/100,000 children) and in prepandemic years 2017-2019 (1.

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Background: The specificity of molecular methods for the detection of carriage is under debate. We propose a procedure for carriage surveillance and vaccine impact studies that increases the accuracy of molecular detection of live pneumococci in polymicrobial respiratory samples.

Methods: Culture and qPCR methods were applied to detect pneumococcus and pneumococcal serotypes in 1,549 nasopharyngeal samples collected in the Netherlands ( = 972) and England ( = 577) from 946 toddlers and 603 adults, and in paired oropharyngeal samples collected exclusively from 319 Dutch adults.

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Background: Vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is available in the United Kingdom to adults aged 65 years or older and those in defined clinical risk groups. We evaluated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of PPV23 against vaccine-type pneumococcal pneumonia in a cohort of adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods And Findings: Using a case-control test-negative design, a secondary analysis of data was conducted from a prospective cohort study of adults (aged ≥16 years) with CAP hospitalised at 2 university teaching hospitals in Nottingham, England, from September 2013 to August 2018.

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National surveillance of pneumococcal disease at the serotype level is essential to assess the effectiveness of vaccination programmes. We previously developed a highly sensitive extended-specificity multiplex immunoassay for detection of serotype-specific antigen in urine in the absence of isolates. The assay uses human mAbs that detect the 24 pneumococcal serotype/groups targeted by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) plus some cross-reactive types and the pneumococcal cell-wall polysaccharide.

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Background: Changes over the last 5 years (2013-18) in the serotypes implicated in adult pneumococcal pneumonia and the patient groups associated with vaccine-type disease are largely unknown.

Methods: We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study of adults admitted to two large university hospitals with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) between September 2013 and August 2018. Pneumococcal serotypes were identified using a novel 24-valent urinary monoclonal antibody assay and from blood cultures.

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Current pneumococcal vaccines cover the 10 to 23 most common serotypes of the 92 presently described. However, with the increased usage of pneumococcal-serotype-based vaccines, the risk of serotype replacement and an increase in disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes remains. Serotype surveillance of pneumococcal infections relies heavily on culture techniques, which are known to be insensitive, particularly in cases of noninvasive disease.

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Background: Highest rates of pertussis occur in infants <3 months of age, too young to be fully vaccinated. The 2012 national outbreak provided a valuable opportunity to study sources of infection for these infants at highest risk of severe complications and death.

Methods: Households of infants <3 months of age with laboratory-confirmed pertussis between August 2012 and October 2013 were invited to complete a questionnaire with information on household members' demographics, relationship with the infant, chronology of cough onset where relevant and vaccination history.

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