Addition of Bone-Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to 3D-Printed Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogel Containing Freeze-Dried Bone Nanoparticles Accelerates Regeneration of Critical Size Bone Defects.

A 3D-printed biodegradable hydrogel, consisting of alginate, gelatin, and freeze-dried bone allograft nanoparticles (npFDBA), is developed as a scaffold for enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation when combined with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). This composite hydrogel is intended for the regeneration of critical-sized bone defects using a rat calvaria defect model. The behavior of rBMSCs seeded onto the scaffold is evaluated through scanning electron microscope, MTT assays, and quantitative real-time PCR.

Three-dimensional bio-printing of decellularized extracellular matrix-based bio-inks for cartilage regeneration: a systematic review.

Cartilage injuries are common problems that increase with the population aging. Cartilage is an avascular tissue with a relatively low level of cellular mitotic activity, which makes it impossible to heal spontaneously. To compensate for this problem, three-dimensional bio-printing has attracted a great deal of attention in cartilage tissue engineering.