Expanding the neuroimaging findings of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency in an Iranian girl with a homozygous frameshift variant in the GAMT.

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (GAMTD) is a treatable neurodevelopmental disorder with normal or nonspecific imaging findings. Here, we reported a 14-month-old girl with GAMTD and novel findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).A 14-‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍month-old female patient was referred to Myelin Disorders Clinic due to onset of seizures and developmental regression following routine vaccination at 4 months of age.

A Neural Circuit Mechanism for Encoding Aversive Stimuli in the Mesolimbic Dopamine System.

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons play a central role in mediating motivated behaviors, but the circuitry through which they signal positive and negative motivational stimuli is incompletely understood. Using in vivo fiber photometry, we simultaneously recorded activity in DA terminals in different nucleus accumbens (NAc) subnuclei during an aversive and reward conditioning task. We find that DA terminals in the ventral NAc medial shell (vNAcMed) are excited by unexpected aversive outcomes and to cues that predict them, whereas DA terminals in other NAc subregions are persistently depressed.

Brain inflammation induces post-synaptic changes during early synapse formation in adult-born hippocampal neurons.

An inflammatory reaction in the brain is primarily characterized by activation of parenchymal microglial cells. Microglia regulate several aspects of adult neurogenesis, i.e.