Ginger Extract Improves Cognitive Dysfunction via Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in D-Galactose/Ovariectomy-Induced Alzheimer-Like Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia with complex causes and limited treatment options. Recent research has suggested a connection between the progression of AD and the activity of gut microbiota. Ginger, a plant known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, has gained attention as a potential treatment for alleviating AD symptoms.

Acetyl-l-carnitine alleviates valproate-induced autism-like behaviors through attenuation of hippocampal mitochondrial dysregulation.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) in the context of valproate-induced autism. After prenatal exposure to valproate (VPA; 600 mg/kg, i.p.

Valproate-induced murine autism spectrum disorder is associated with dysfunction of amygdala parvalbumin interneurons and downregulation of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α signaling.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by difficulty in social behavior and restricted behaviors. Also, in ASD, several accompanying disorders such as anxiety are observed. Considering the important role of amygdala in the pathophysiology of ASD, the present study focused on the neuronal changes and it possible signaling pathway in amygdala.

Chronic acetyl-L-carnitine treatment alleviates behavioral deficits and neuroinflammation through enhancing microbiota derived-SCFA in valproate model of autism.

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by a variety of cellular and molecular abnormalities which leads to autism-associated behaviors. Besides behavioral defects, these individuals also suffer from various associated disorders such as gastrointestinal deficit, altered gut microbiota composition and their metabolite. This study examined the effect of ALC on microbiota SCFA production and its effects on brain inflammation in VPA autism model.

Preconditioning exercise reduces hippocampal neuronal damage via increasing Klotho expression in ischemic rats.

Considerable amounts of oxidants are produced in cerebral ischemia, where oxidative stress plays a key role in neuronal damage after ischemia. Klotho, an anti-aging protein, alleviates oxidative stress by activating the transcription of an important antioxidant enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), in the nervous system. Thus, increased Klotho expression level could lead to a reduction in neuronal damages after brain ischemia via lowering oxidative stress.

Ferulic Acid Attenuates Kainate-induced Neurodegeneration in a Rat Poststatus Epilepticus Model.

Background And Aims: Increasing research evidence indicates that temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) induced by kainic acid (KA) has high pathological similarities with human TLE. KA induces excitotoxicity (especially in the acute phase of the disease), which leads to neurodegeneration and epileptogenesis through oxidative stress and inflammation. Ferulic acid (FA) is one of the well-known phytochemical compounds that have shown potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and promise in treating several diseases.

A literature overview on epilepsy and inflammasome activation.

Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent serious brain disorders worldwide. Accumulating evidence has suggested that inflammation participates in the progression and pathogenesis of epilepsy. During inflammation, a cytosolic multimolecular complex called the "inflammasome" is activated, driving the innate immune response.

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamus Facilitates Extinction and Prevents Reinstatement of Morphine Place Preference in Rats.

Objectives: We have previously shown that high-frequency (HF) deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) during the acquisition phase of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) abolished the development of morphine reward. In the present study, we investigated the effect of DBS in the LH during the extinction phase of morphine CPP.

Materials And Methods: Rats were implanted with electrodes in the LH and went through conditioning trials for morphine CPP (40 min each, for three days), followed by extinction trials (20 min, for nine days).

Inhibition of brain 17β-estradiol synthesis by letrozole induces cognitive decline in male and female rats.

Background: Hippocampal aromatase is responsible for local synthesis of 17β-estradiol (E2) that has much higher concentrations than serum levels in males and females. Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, passes through the brain barriers, distributes to the brain, and affects local E2 synthesis. Here, the effects of intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) letrozole administration in the presence and absence of gonads were examined on the cognitive abilities of male and female rats.

Administration of Vitamin D and E supplements reduces neuronal loss‏ and oxidative stress in a model of rats with Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease across the world. The major cause of AD is extensive oxidative stress and inflammation in central nervous system (CNS). Vitamin D and E are the most known vitamins that control oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory function.

The Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on Apoptosis and nNOS Immunoreactivity Following Intrahippocampal Kainic Acid Injections in Rats.

Introduction: Kainic Acid (KA) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist. KA can induce neuronal overactivity and excitotoxicity. Rosmarinic Acid (RA) is a natural polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-neurodegenerative, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Assessment of Probiotics Mixture on Memory Function, Inflammation Markers, and Oxidative Stress in an Alzheimer's Disease Model of Rats.

Background: The most important cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Probiotics are microorganisms that are believed to be beneficial to human and animals. Probiotics reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in some cases.

Hypoxic-conditioned medium from adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells improved neuroinflammation through alternation of toll like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expression in model of Alzheimer's disease rats.

Microglia have a pivotal role to initiate immune responses in AD brains through toll-like receptors and induce neuroinflammation. Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (ATSCs) secret many neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors called conditioned medium (CM). Many studies have demonstrated that CM of mesenchymal stem cells facilitate regeneration and attenuates inflammation in many disorders.

Assessment of the protective effect of KN-93 drug in systemic epilepsy disorders induced by pilocarpine in male rat.

Background And Aims: Epileptic seizures occur as a consequence of a sudden imbalance between the stimuli and inhibitors within the network of cortical neurons in favor of the stimulus. One of the drugs that induce epilepsy is pilocarpine. Systemic injection of pilocarpine affects on muscarinic receptors.

Protective properties of the aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ischemic stroke, randomized clinical trial.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Crocus sativus L. has been used throughout the world in traditional medicine as a treatment for neurological disorders such as depression. Growing attention is currently being paid to the use of neuroprotective agents in ischemic strokes.

Huperzine A ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in kainic acid-induced epileptic rats by antioxidant activity and NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway inhibition.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most prevalent types of epilepsy in human. Huperzine A (Hup-A) has been reported to possess antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its role in TLE induced by kainic acid has not been determined. The current study investigated the protective effects of Hup-A (0.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell and simvastatin treatment leads to improved functional recovery and modified c-Fos expression levels in the brain following ischemic stroke.

Objectives: The beneficial outcomes of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) treatment on functional recovery following stroke has been well established. Furthermore, 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have also been shown to increase neuronal survival and promote the movement of BMSCs towards the sites of inflammation. However, the precise mechanisms mediating the improved neurological functional recovery in stoke models following a combination treatment of Simvastatin and BMSCs still remained poorly understood.

Descriptive epidemiology: prevalence, incidence, sociodemographic factors, socioeconomic domains, and quality of life of epilepsy: an update and systematic review.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the contributions of quality of life (QOL), sociodemographic factors (age, sex, etc.), residential areas, general attitudes toward epilepsy, socioeconomic domains, prevalence and incidence in epileptic patients from Iran.

Material And Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted, including database searches in PubMed, Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, ISC, Health, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library Database of relevant articles, personal files and systematic reviews to identify studies examining risk factors in epilepsy.

Deep brain stimulation in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder modifies forebrain neuronal activity and serum corticosterone.

Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of the most devastating kinds of anxiety disorders, is the consequence of a traumatic event followed by intense fear. In rats with contextual fear conditioning (CFC), a model of PTSD caused by CFC (electrical foot shock chamber), deep brain stimulation (DBS) alleviates CFC abnormalities.

Materials And Methods: Forty Male Wistar rats (220-250 g) were divided into 5 groups (n=8) and underwent stereotactic surgery to implant electrodes in the right basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLn).

Multipotent bone marrow stromal cell therapy promotes endogenous cell proliferation following ischemic stroke.

Despite extensive research over the years, there still exists some debate as to what constitutes the optimal therapeutic strategy to promote recovery following stroke. Due to the complexity of injured brain pathophysiology, treatment approaches should ideally address numerous factors, ultimately aiming to promote tissue protection, axonal regrowth and functional recovery. This study extends the understanding of the effects of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) treatment following experimentally induced ischemic stroke in rats.

Vasopressin attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury via reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in rat hearts.

Aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and oxidative stress in the cardioprotective effect of vasopressin (AVP) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Anesthetized male wistar rats were subjected to regional 30 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion and randomly divided into nine groups: (1) Control; saline was administered intravenously before ischemia, (2) vasopressin was administrated 10 min prior to ischemia, (3, 4) Atractyloside as MPTP opener, was injected 5 min prior to reperfusion without and with vasopressin, (5, 6) Cyclosporine A as a MPTP closer, was injected 5 min prior to reperfusion without and with vasopressin, (7) mitochondria were isolated from control group and CaCl2 was added as MPTP opener and swelling inducer, (8) isolated mitochondria from Control hearts was incubated with Cyclosporine A before adding the CaCl2 (9) CaCl2 was added to isolated mitochondria from vasopressin group. Infusion of vasopressin decreased infarct size (18.

Rosmarinic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect in the kainate rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy: Underlying mechanisms.

Context: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is an intractable neurological disorder. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Objective: This study evaluates beneficial effect of RA in intrahippocampal kainate-induced model of TLE.

The cardioprotective effect of different doses of vasopressin (AVP) against ischemia-reperfusion injuries in the anesthetized rat heart.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of various doses of exogenous vasopressin (AVP) against ischemia-reperfusion injury in anesthetized rat heart. Anesthetized rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n=4-13) and all of them subjected to prolonged 30 min regional ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. Group I served as saline control with ischemia, in treatment groups II, III, IV and V, respectively different doses of AVP (0.