Immune thrombocytopenia: a review on the pathogenetic role of immune cells.

Introduction: Immune thrombocytopenia [ITP] is a common bleeding disorder with an isolated platelet count of less than 100 × 10/L.

Areas Covered: Relevant literature from 2003 to 2022 was retrieved and reviewed from the Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database. Antibodies produced by autoreactive B lymphocytes and the phagocytic function of macrophages are considered the most critical factors in platelet destruction.

Bone marrow alterations in COVID-19 infection: The root of hematological problems.

Introduction: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus with a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and homeostasis. The effect of the virus on blood cells indicates the involvement of the bone marrow (BM) as the place of production and maturation of these cells by the virus and it reminds the necessity of investigating the effect of the virus on the bone marrow.

Method: To investigate the effects of COVID-19 infection in BM, we reviewed literature from the Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database up to 2022 using the terms "COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Bone marrow; Thrombocytopenia; Hemophagocytosis; Pancytopenia and Thrombocytopenia.

Evaluation of HLA-B*05, *07, *08, *27 and *51 Allele Expression in Adults with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune mediated acquired disease characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia. Since there is no specific and sensitive biomarkers to guide treatment of ITP patients, this study aimed to evaluate the possible application of human leukocyte alleles HLA-B5, 7, 8, 27 and 51 and their association with patients' laboratory data and clinical findings. Thirty-one adult patients with chronic ITP were included in the present study.

Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: review of a lethal interaction from the cellular and molecular level to the bedside.

Introduction: While the main mode of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is close contact with other individuals, the presence of chronic underlying diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) increases the chance of hospitalization and mortality rate due to infection.

Areas Covered: To investigate the effects of COVID-19 infection in DM patients, we reviewed literature from Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database from '2013 to 2020' using the terms "COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Diabetes mellitus; obesity; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ACE2; Insulin and Metformin. Evidence suggests that COVID-19 exacerbates the course of diabetes.

Effect of eradication on patients with ITP: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in the Middle East.

Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a bleeding disorder. is a Gram-negative bacterium that is presumed to be associated with ITP and therapeutic response of patients. To evaluate the effect of eradication on platelet count of ITP patients, we analyzed the studies conducted on the association between infection and response to therapy in ITP patients in Western Asia focusing on the Middle East region.

DNA repair pathways as guardians of the genome: Therapeutic potential and possible prognostic role in hematologic neoplasms.

DNA repair pathways, which are also identified as guardians of the genome, protect cells from frequent damage that can lead to DNA breaks. The most deleterious types of damage are double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Single strand breaks (SSBs) can be corrected through base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR).

Co-existence of mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms and their clinical significance: a prognostic approach.

Objective: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders that may occur after one or more mutations in hematopoietic progenitor cells. In this study, we will review the co-existence of mutations (especially dual mutations) in MPNs and its effect on the prognosis of patients.

Methods: To find relevant published papers, we systematically searched six major international indexing databases, namely PubMed/Medline, EmBase, Cochrane central, ISI web of science, and Scopus from Feb.

Cardiomyopathy in Thalassemia: Quick Review from Cellular Aspects to Diagnosis and Current Treatments.

Background: Cardiomyopathic manifestations induced by continuous blood transfusion are the leading cause of death among patients with thalassemia major (TM). Despite introduction of chelation therapy, heart failure after cardiomyopathic manifestations is still a major threat to patients.

Methods: We performed a search of relevant English-language literature, retrieving publications from the PubMed database and the Google Scholar search engine (2005-2018).

HLA-B5, 7, 8, 27, and 51 Antigens and Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Is There an Association?

Background: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a bleeding disorder characterized by low platelet counts in peripheral blood, impairment of thrombopoiesis in bone marrow, and risk of mild to severe bleedings. ITP can be seen among both sexes in different ages. Although definitive pathogenesis of this disorder is still ambiguous, some of risk factors for ITP are recognized, including human leukocyte antigens (HLAs).

Evaluation of complete blood count parameters in cardiovascular diseases: An early indicator of prognosis?

Background: Studies have been conducted to evaluate the correlation between complete blood count (CBC) indices and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Considering the dispersion of these studies as well as reports on prognostic value of CBC parameters in CVDs, we have summarized these findings as a review article for the first time.

Methods: Relevant English language literature was searched and retrieved from Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database (1996-2018).

HLAs in Autoimmune Diseases: Dependable Diagnostic Biomarkers?

Background: The process of antigen presentation to immune cells is an undeniable contributor to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Different studies have indicated several factors that are related to autoimmunity. Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are among such factors, which have a key role in autoimmunity because of their involvement in antigen presentation process.

The Association Between Human Leukocyte Antigens and ITP, TTP, and HIT.

Background: Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is associated with immunologic degradation of platelets and reduced platelet counts in patients, leading to bleeding risk in patients. Considering the role of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in the development of immune response, in this review, we examine the relationship between HLA and pathogenesis of the above-mentioned diseases.

Methods: Relevant English-language literature was searched and retrieved from Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database (1979 to 2018).

Vitamin D and its receptor polymorphisms: New possible prognostic biomarkers in leukemias.

Several factors such as chromosomal translocations, gene mutations, and polymorphisms are involved in the pathogenesis of leukemia/lymphoma. Recently, the role of vitamin D (VD) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms in hematologic malignancies has been considered. In this review, we examine the possible role of VD levels, as well as VDR polymorphisms as prognostic biomarkers in leukemia/lymphoma.